Research Article, J Addict Behav Ther Rehabil Vol: 12 Issue: 5

Predictors of Compulsive Internet Use among Students

Ankita Parkhand, Suneel Kumar^* and Swaran Lata^*

Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

*Corresponding Author: Swaran Lata
Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi UP, India
E-mail: swaran80@gmail.com

*Corresponding Author: Suneel Kumar
Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
E-mail: skumarpsyche@bhu.ac.in

Received date: 28 August, 2023, Manuscript No. JABTR-23-111459;

Editor assigned date: 30 August, 2023, PreQC No. JABTR-23-111459 (PQ);

Reviewed date: 15 September, 2023, QC No. JABTR-23-111459;

Revised date: 22 September, 2023, Manuscript No. JABTR-23-111459 (R);

Published date: 29 September, 2023, DOI: 10.4172/2324-9005.1000064.

Citation: Parkhand A, Kumar S, Lata S (2023) Predictors of Compulsive Internet Use among Students. J Addict Behav Ther Rehabil 12:5.

Abstract

Keywords: Mental health problems; Personality; Parenting styles; Compulsive internet use; Students

Introduction

'New media' addictions, behavioural addictions are emerging topics and researchers have been highlighting the fact that contact with digital technology may potentially lead to addiction. As defined by DSM-5 TR compulsive internet use, also known as problematic internet use or internet addiction refers to a behavioural disorder characterized by excessive and uncontrollable usage of internet, resulting in negative outcomes in various aspects of an individual's life [1]. It involves a persistent and recurring pattern of excessive internet use, which may result in impaired functioning in personal, social, academic, or professional areas. Compulsive internet use can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how much routine activities are disrupted. Individuals suffering from a milder level of compulsive internet use may have fewer symptoms and fewer interruptions in their life, those with severe compulsive internet use will spend more time on the computer and will have a greater loss of relationships, jobs, or educational interruptions. The accessibility of the internet is one of the most important phenomena, which may lead to abuse of the internet as well as it may lead several kinds of mental health problems issues [2].

According to Internet Using Stats (2022), almost 50 lacs people have been using the Internet since 2000 and 83.37 crores have been using the internet in India since July 31^st, 2022 contributing 59.5% of the population in India [3]. The number of people who are using the internet in India represents 28.4% of the population in Asia. Kumari et al., (2022) found that 78.7% of students experience compulsive internet use. Mild, moderate, and severe compulsive internet use was observed in 56.6%, 21.6%, and 0.004% of students, respectively [4]. Youth like short videos and reels more as compared to long videos, and these are more likely to dangerously impact their mental health and quality of life. It mitigates attention and creates many kinds of psychological issues.

Good mental health is not just the absence of mental illnesses but also involves the presence of positive factors that contribute to overall well-being. It is a condition of equilibrium in which people may realize their full potential, cope with inevitable stressful events, work effectively, and contribute to their societies [5]. Compulsive internet use has serious impacts on one’s mental health problems and may lead to depression, anxiety, and low levels of self-esteem [6]. People who are reported with depressive symptoms were more addicted to internet than normal [7]. A meta-review demonstrated that problematic internet use has been associated with increased depressive symptoms, anxiety, loneliness, and other mental health problems outcomes, while negatively associated with subjective well-being, resultantly males with higher levels of compulsive internet use reported being prone to depressive symptoms and loneliness than females [8]. Loneliness and isolation may cause people to spend more time on the internet, which can lead to diminished quality of their social relationships. Students’ excessive internet use leads to depression, anxiety, and poor mental health problems, reducing their academic performance [9].

Personality refers to the unique set of enduring patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize an individual and distinguish them from others. It encompasses the consistent and relatively stable ways in which a person perceives, interacts with, and responds to the world around them [10]. Several studies have revealed that personality traits were also responsible for compulsive internet use. People who were more introspective and had unpleasant emotions were more likely to use the internet exceedingly [11]. A meta-review reported that neuroticism showed to be favourably connected to compulsive internet use, but openness to new experiences, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness had been found to be adversely related to it. Three traits of personality were shown to be the most relevant predictors of compulsive internet use in students such as loyalty, emotional stability, and extroversion [12]. Narcissistic personality trait was also significantly positively associated with compulsive internet use or gaming disorders in youth [13].

Lower levels of extroversion, psychoticism, and neuroticism were significantly positively associated with compulsive internet use. Higher neuroticism and less extroversion were also significant predictors of compulsive internet use. Students who have extraversion traits had lower internet addictive behaviour, because they were more involved in social activities, made friends easily, and were cheerful in their life [14-17]. Male students were much more likely to use the internet as compared to female students, as well as had significant positive association with salience, excessive use of the internet, neglect of work, and lack of control, openness to experience was also significantly associated with “excessive use” and “neglect of work” in a negative direction [18].

Parenting style refers to the approach, attitudes, and behaviours that parents consistently exhibit in their interactions with their children. It encompasses the strategies and techniques parents use to fulfill their parental responsibilities, provide guidance, and influence their children's development [19]. Paternal and maternal parenting styles were simultaneously related to adolescent compulsive internet use. Adolescents who reported more permissive and authoritarian paternal parenting styles had a greater degree of compulsive internet use [20]. Perceived parenting, rejection, and excessive protection had a strong positive relationship with compulsive internet use, whereas emotional warmth had a large negative relationship father parenting techniques and gaming addiction act as a moderator in violence among college students. Findings revealed a link between father parenting approaches, gaming addiction, and aggressiveness [21].

There was a non-significant difference between compulsive internet use and democratic parenting, adolescents with partial compulsive internet use perceived their parents as more democratic than non-addictive adolescents, while adolescents with partial symptoms and pathological Internet addicts perceived their parents as more protective-demanding. The degree of obsessive internet usage varies by gender, male teenagers have been observed to have more problematic compulsive internet use than females [22].

The greatest degree of problematic internet use was showed to be substantially related to the authoritarian parenting style. Furthermore, permissive and authoritative parenting styles were linked to low levels of problematic internet use, as well as those parents who were unkind while being overbearing (authoritarian), gave little supporting and suitable framework and the impact of kindness was negative, but the impact of control was neutral in compulsive internet use [23]. Indian mothers' and fathers' parenting approaches have varying effects on their children's psychological well-being, academic success, and loneliness; it is only the duty of parents to protect their children against compulsive internet use [24].

Mental health problem is one of the key cornerstones of healthy human societies, and it is critical to any society's vitality and efficiency. Because students are among the most prestigious layers of society, they represent future builders in any country, and freshly arriving students from distant cities are the first to succumb to compulsive internet use. Against this background, the following objectives have been formulated:

• To assess compulsive internet use among students.

• To assess gender differences in compulsive internet use among students.

• To investigate the relationship between compulsive internet use and mental health problems, perceived parenting style, and personality among students.

Hypotheses

• There would be significant gender differences in compulsive internet use among students.

• There would be negative correlation between compulsive internet use and (a) authoritative parenting style, (b) Personality factors (openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness) among students.

• There would be positive correlation between compulsive internet use and (a) mental health problems, (b) authoritarian parenting style, and (c) personality factors (neuroticism) among students.

• Mental health problems, perceived parenting style, and personality traits would predict compulsive internet use among students.

Methodology

Design and Sample

This research was conducted on the students of Banaras Hindu University and Sunbeam School by using purposive sampling technique. The total sample was 240 students from high school, undergraduate and postgraduate classes. The age range of the participants was 17-24 years. Mean, SD, and t-tests were used to analyse the data. Pearson r (Bivariate correlation) was used to assess the relationship between compulsive internet use, parenting styles, mental health problems, and personality factors. Data analyses were carried out using the IBM, SPSS-21 (2011) statistical software program.

Measures

Internet addiction test: It measures the presence and severity of internet dependency among adolescence and has 20 items. Respondents rate each item on a 6-point scale: 0=does not apply, 1=Rarely, 2=Occasionally, 3=Frequently, 4=Often, 5=Always. A higher score implies a tendency toward addictive usage. The higher scores report the greater the probability of internet addiction; normal range: 0-30 points, mild: 31-49 points, moderate: 50-79 points, and severe: 80-100 points. The IAT had been found to be internal consistency (α=.90-.93) and possesses good test-retest reliability (r=.85). It has six dimensions, like salience, excessive use, neglect of work, anticipation, lack of control, neglect of social life.

General Health Questionnaire (GHQ): It is a self-administered screening tool for detecting current diagnosable mental illnesses. The GHQ was created to address four types of distress: depression, anxiety, social impairment, and hypochondriasis (most notably shown by organic symptoms). It was intended to identify two types of problems: "inability to carry out one's normal 'healthy' functions, and the appearance of new distressing phenomena." The Cronbach alpha coefficient for the GHQ ranges from 0.82 to 0.86.

NEO Five-Factor Inventory: The NEO-FFI is a Five-Factor Model of personality assessment that produces scores on the following domains: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. This questionnaire gives a complete personality profile by providing a systematic examination of emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal, and motivational styles. This questionnaire's Cronbach alfa coefficient was 0.89. Furthermore, the validity of this questionnaire was 0.89. The Cronbach alfa coefficient for neuroticism was 0.72, extraversion 0.72, openness 0.64, agreeableness 0.60, and conscientiousness 0.79 respectively.

Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ): The parental authoritative style was investigated using the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) developed by Buri (1991), which measures parenting styles as conceptualized by Baumrind. It consists of 30 items and produces ratings that are permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative. The median reliability coefficients (0.77 to 0.92) indicate that the individual scales are reliable. In a two-week test-re-test assessment, the dependability of the PAQ was determined to be .77 to .92 (Buri, 1991). The PAQ's validity ranged from .74 to .87 for the subscales.

Sociodemographic variables

The personal data sheet was used for socio-demographic details and personal information relevant to the present study including name, age, gender, education, family members, and hours of internet use.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics, correlational, t-test, and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

Results

Table 1 indicates the mean and standard deviations of the participants on compulsive internet use. Salience showed the highest mean (M=11.14) in all dimensions of compulsive internet use.

Table 1: Mean and SD of the sample on compulsive internet use.

Table 2 below indicates the means, standard deviations, and p-values of the participants on compulsive internet use. Compulsive internet use was found to be moderate level in both boys and girls. Compulsive internet use was significantly higher in boys (M=43.90, SD=15.43) than in girls participants (M=38.68, SD=5.17) at 0.009 level of significance. The salient symptom of compulsive internet use had significant gender difference at .012 level of significance with boys (M=11.90, SD=4.98) having slightly high salience than girls (M=10.38, SD=4.34). The salient symptom of compulsive internet use had significant gender difference at .012 level of significance with boys (M=11.90, SD=4.98) being slightly high on salient than girls (M=10.38, SD=4.34).

Table 2: Mean, SD, and p-values of the sample on different variables of gender wise.

Table 3 showed the correlation between compulsive internet use, mental health problems, personality, and parenting style. Compulsive internet use, and excessive use was significantly positively associated with mental health problems. Agreeableness was significantly positively associated with compulsive internet use, neglect of work, and neglect of social life. Mental health problems were significantly positively correlated with neuroticism. Compulsive internet use was significantly negatively associated with authoritarian parenting style and Neuroticism was significantly negatively associated with salience, excessive use, and neglect of social life.

Table 3: Correlation Analysis.

Table 4 explained that the stepwise regression analysis with criterion variables (mental health problems, agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness) with prediction variables (compulsive internet use). Mental health problems and agreeableness were found to statistically predict compulsive internet use. Mental health problems were found to be the best predictor for compulsive internet use followed by agreeableness.

Table 4: Stepwise regression.

Discussion

The purpose of the current study was to assess compulsive internet use, it’s predictors and the role of gender in compulsive internet use and mental health problems among students.

Significant gender difference was found in compulsive internet use, salience, and lack of work (dimensions of compulsive internet use) with girls having a lower level of internet use as compared to boys. The reasons behind this may be that boys use internet for gaming, gambling, and accessing news more than girls. They prefer using internet for outdoor playing, going out with friends/family in their leisure time, and feeling bored without it. The result is in accordance with prior studies, which also found similar findings in relation to internet use among students. Many studies have reported that gender distribution may be explained by the fact that men take more interest in online games, and spend more time on internet, and gambling activities as compared to women [25-31].

Significant negative correlation between compulsive internet use and the authoritative parenting style (r=-195**) was observed. The reasons behind this may be that parents who follow authoritative parenting styles give their children directions and guidelines on how to use the internet and give them more attention to using social media networks fruitfully. These kinds of parenting styles lead to healthy living lives as well as enhance people’s well-being [32]. The result is in accordance with prior studies which also found that an authoritative parenting style was negatively associated with compulsive internet use.

Significant negative correlation between compulsive internet use and the personality factors extraversion (r=-.053), and openness (-.042) was reported. The reasons behind this may be that students who are sociable and interactive, have lower chances of compulsive internet use because they are interested in talking to others and enjoy teamwork and they have a wide social circle; therefore, they don’t get isolated and lonely. The extroverts feel positive about social relationships and community participation and do not believe in cyber relationships as a part of social connections. The result is in accordance with prior studies which also found that participants who obtained more scores in extraversion and openness, didn’t show problematic internet use [33,34].

Significant positive correlation between compulsive internet use and mental health problems was found (.249). The reasons behind this may be that those people, who spend more time on social media networks for entertainment, become isolated, have fewer social interactions, and have a monotonous and sedentary life. This leads to poor sleep quality and problematic mental health. A meta-review reported in several studies that sleeping quality is a major aspect that leads to good mental health [35]. The result is in accordance with prior studies which also found that increasing mental health problems like monotony, stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, impulsiveness, insomnia, mood disorders, sadness, suicide, and decreased quality of life were associated with compulsive internet use [36,37]. Males with higher levels of compulsive use were significantly positively associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety, and loneliness, while negatively associated with subjective well-being [38]. People who were using the internet excessively were associated with mental health problems.

Significant positive correlation between compulsive internet use and authoritarian parenting style was observed (.124). The reason behind this may be that authoritarian parenting is ruthless, parents expect their children to follow the rules without question or compromise in order to preserve their ethnicity, culture, or ethical foundations. The children feel burdened and frustrated and want to explore new advanced innovations and technology. These factors may facilitate impetus to compulsive internet use. The result is in accordance with prior studies which also found that authoritarian parenting styles were shown to be positively connected with compulsive internet use.

Significant positive correlations between compulsive internet use and neuroticism (.243**), conscientiousness, and agreeableness were reported. The reasons behind this may be that the neuroticism personality trait involves attributes like shyness, frustration, anger, guilt, tensioned, moodiness, etc., [39]. These kinds of people are self-centred and perceive a low level of social connectedness and avoid hanging out with friends or discussing things with others. They feel more isolated and lonelier, which can assist compulsive internet use for enjoyment [40,41]. The result is in accordance with prior studies which also found that neuroticism was a cornerstone, which had been highly associated with compulsive internet use among the participants.

Significant positive association between compulsive internet use and conscientiousness was reported (.167**). The reasons behind this may be that those people who have conscientiousness traits are more self-disciplined, focus on their work, and are highly organized. They spend their maximum time exploring knowledge and literature related to their academics. They remain updated with the current information and do not misuse internet. The result is in accordance with prior studies of people who are more conscious about their circumstances and were focused on their work, sometimes it can lead to poor self-control and hazardous behaviour, which is associated with frequently compulsive internet use [42,43].

Significant positive correlation between compulsive internet use and agreeableness was identified (233**). Agreeableness is the ability of a person to prioritise the needs of others before their own. Being empathic and taking delight in assisting others and working with those in need is a specific strength of highly pleasant people. The reasons behind this may be that individuals who have high traits were more trustworthy, modest, and tender-minded. They readily help their friends on social media. Join groups follow them and try to help people through it. They are actively involved in these groups. These types of students face difficulties in attention and decrease their self-efficacy as well. The result is in accordance with prior studies which also found agreeableness, consciousness, and neuroticism were significantly correlated with compulsive internet use [44-47].

Regression analysis was performed, with mental health problems and agreeableness as predictors, and compulsive internet use as criterion. The regression analysis showed that mental health problems were significantly predicted by compulsive internet use among students. The reasons behind this may be that those who have mental health issues remain aloof and isolated and spend more time on internet than those without them. The result is in accordance with prior studies which also found that mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia were associated with compulsive internet use [48]. Agreeableness, also significantly predicted compulsive internet use among students. Students scoring high on the agreeableness trait have difficulty saying ‘NO’ and don’t want to experience new things. They are monotonous and prefer routine trends. The result is in accordance with prior studies which also found agreeableness trait was predicting compulsive internet use.

Conclusions

The findings of our study indicate significant gender differences in compulsive internet use among students. Male students were more prone to compulsive internet use than female students. Compulsive internet use leads to mental health problems and decreased quality of life. Personality traits, parenting styles, and lack of attention and care to the children may have led to compulsive internet use among students. Proper parenting, counselling, awareness, and wellness programs need to be implemented for students to restrict and mitigate the excessive usage of the internet. Students should be motivated and encouraged to participate in physical and extracurricular activities in the institutions so that they get the opportunity to connect with the social world and create positive life balance in their career and social life.

Limitation and Future Direction

Although the study produced impressive results, it had a few drawbacks. The present study gathered data from one district and only young adults. Large samples and other districts could have been taken. Experimental and longitudinal methodologies could have been used. Various other variables influencing internet use like self-esteem, and social conformity could also be investigated.

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