Review Article, J Hydrogeol Hydrol Eng Vol: 13 Issue: 5

The Implementation of Sustainable Practices in Achieving Sustainability Goals in Middle Eastern Universities

Solomon Chukwuemeka Ugbaja^*

Department of Business Administration, Istanbul Okan University, 34959 Akfırat– Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey

*Corresponding Author:

Solomon Chukwuemeka Ugbaja
Department of Business Administration,
Istanbul Okan University,
34959 Akfırat– Tuzla,
Istanbul,
Turkey
E-mail: schukwuemeka@stu.okan.edu.tr

Received date: 12 October, 2023, Manuscript No. JHHE-23-116627;
Editor assigned date: 16 October, 2023, PreQC No. JHHE-23-116627 (PQ);
Reviewed date: 30 October, 2023, QC No. JHHE-23-116627;
Revised date: 17 October, 2024, Manuscript No. JHHE-23-116627 (R);
Published date: 24 October, 2024, DOI: 10.4172/2325-9647.1000340

Citation: Ugbaja SC (2024) The Implementation of Sustainable Practices in Achieving Sustainability Goals in Middle Eastern Universities. J Hydrogeol Hydrol Eng 13:5.

Abstract

Keywords: Sustainability; Management practices; Implementation; Sustainability practices; Middle Eastern Universities

Introduction

Over the past few decades, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of incorporating Sustainability practices into both government and non-governmental educational institutions. Particularly, universities play a crucial role in the global economy and are responsible for training a significant portion of professionals who will later lead and work in various sectors, including public, private, and non-profit organizations. As a result, universities have a unique opportunity to shape the path towards a sustainable society. Given their substantial impact on societal values, well-being, and development, universities bear a fundamental responsibility to prioritize education and research focused on sustainability. The significance of this approach lies in the fact that future professionals will find themselves working in companies that increasingly prioritize sustainability in their operations. This places considerable pressure on universities to integrate sustainability into their core principles, ensuring that this mindset permeates all aspects of their institutional identity [1].

Relevance: The significance of this current research is closely tied to ongoing dialogues concerning sustainability practices in universities. These institutions have now come to acknowledge the necessity of acknowledging the undeniable truth that human activities are causing unprecedented and potentially catastrophic impacts on the environment and natural ecosystems. The success of universities in the modern era will be measured by their capacity to champion a proactive agenda that elevates sustainability and environmental concerns to a central position in academic endeavors.

The purpose of the study: The primary objective of this research is to examine and assess the content analysis of sustainability-oriented practices within the leading Middle Eastern universities that prioritize sustainability. The anticipated outcomes of this study aim to establish a foundation that sheds light on how prepared and inclined other universities are when it comes to integrating sustainability into their Curriculum, Operations, Research, and Engagement/outreach (C.O.R.E. system). Furthermore, the findings from this research have the potential to provide insights into the current state of sustainability practices in Middle Eastern universities. Ultimately, the study results hold the promise of guiding decision-makers and universities across the Middle East in adopting sustainable practices within their management systems. This, in turn, will help raise awareness and commitment to sustainability among their students. As these universities are responsible for preparing the majority of professionals who will later lead, manage, and teach in public, private, and nongovernmental institutions, they possess a unique capacity to influence the trajectory of a sustainable society.

Research question: This current research is driven by a fundamental question: How do top sustainability-focused Middle Eastern universities incorporate sustainability-oriented practices within their CORE system (Curriculum, Operations, Research, and Engagement)? In essence, this study aims to evaluate the extent to which Middle Eastern universities integrate sustainability-oriented practices [2]. The assessment is based on insights gathered from twenty-nine (29) leading sustainability-focused universities in the region. These universities were selected according to their ranking in the UI Green Metric sustainability assessment for both 2021 and 2022.

Literature Review

The Brundtland report provided the initial definition of sustainability as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). This definition emphasizes the interconnectedness of economic, social, and environmental aspects of corporate actions, often referred to as the 'triple bottom line.' In recent times, various definitions of sustainable higher education institutions have surfaced. Alshuwaikhat and Abubakar argue that a sustainable campus should prioritize environmental health by conserving energy and resources, reducing waste, and implementing effective environmental management. Additionally, it should promote equity and social justice and extend these values to the surrounding community [3].

According to Milutinovic and Nikoli, the vision of sustainable development in higher education entails a world where everyone has access to a quality education and learns the values, behaviors, and lifestyles necessary for a sustainable future and positive societal transformation.

Over the past two decades, there has been a noticeable increase in higher education institutions actively incorporating sustainability into their operations. This trend can be attributed to a heightened awareness in society about sustainability issues and a growing understanding of the significant impact campus activities have on the environment and local communities. This contribution to sustainability can manifest in various aspects of university functioning, including education, research, outreach/engagement, and administrative management. Therefore, it becomes essential to assess the extent of universities' efforts in integrating sustainability. Sustainable development is founded on three pillars: economic, environmental, and social, as mentioned earlier. These three dimensions are frequently employed in various development initiatives and are often referred to as the triple bottom line. Ensuring equal consideration is given to each dimension is crucial for achieving sustainable outcomes.

Figure 1 illustrates that achieving sustainable outcomes requires a delicate balance among the three components. If any one component dominates the others, the result will not be sustainable. Scholars have emphasized the fundamental types of activities conducted in higher education institutions while assessing the key elements in the transformative process towards sustainability.

For example, Christensen et al., identified that the primary activities are linked to operations and maintenance, teaching, research, and engagement, involving cooperation with local communities, companies, and the media [4]. Similarly, various definitions concentrate on these activities as a C.O.R.E. system. The abbreviation represents curriculum, operations, research, and engagement. The CORE model is designed as a comprehensive guide for the holistic implementation of sustainability initiatives across the entire campus.

Such models are built on assessments like the one proposed by Lukman and Glavic, who argue that desirable outcomes of sustainability-oriented practices include fostering research, technical development, and innovations within a knowledge-based society. Incorporating sustainability-oriented practices into everyday activities requires identifying variables such as management performance (vision, mission, statement, strategy, and sustainability council/ coordinator), education and research (programs, curriculum, teaching methods), operations, forming networks, and reporting to stakeholders (assessment tools, sustainability indicators) [5]. The integration of the C.O.R.E. system/model enriches the construction of a framework for sustainability assessment in universities, particularly in approaches to management practices.

Sustainability in Middle Eastern higher education

In recent years, universities across the Middle East have made significant strides in implementing sustainable practices, recognizing the importance of environmental stewardship and promoting a greener future (Figure 2).

Energy efficiency: Middle East universities prioritize energy efficiency measures to reduce their carbon footprint. A study by Al- Sari et al., examined energy management practices in universities in Saudi Arabia, highlighting the implementation of energy-efficient lighting, HVAC systems, and smart controls The study demonstrated substantial energy savings and emphasized the importance of energy management strategies in achieving sustainability goals [6].

Renewable energy integration: Embracing the region's abundant renewable energy potential, Middle East universities are adopting renewable energy sources. Research by Al-Mansour and Rezgui investigated the integration of solar energy in university campuses in Qatar, emphasizing the role of photovoltaic systems in reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainability.

Waste management and recycling: Waste management practices play a crucial role in sustainable campuses. A study by Alnajem and Alshuwaikhat assessed waste management practices in universities in Kuwait, highlighting the importance of waste separation, recycling programs, and composting initiatives in reducing landfill waste and promoting sustainability.

Water conservation: Water scarcity in the Middle East has prompted universities to adopt water conservation practices. Research by El-Fadel et al., examined water management practices in universities in Lebanon, emphasizing the implementation of waterefficient fixtures, rainwater harvesting, and treated wastewater reuse for irrigation purposes.

Sustainable transportation: Middle East universities are promoting sustainable transportation options to reduce carbon emissions. A study by Al-Tonsi et al., explored sustainable transportation practices in universities in Egypt, highlighting the importance of promoting cycling infrastructure, public transit use, and carpooling programs to mitigate environmental impacts.

Sustainability education and research: Middle East universities are dedicated to sustainability education and research. A study by Salama et al., investigated sustainability education in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) universities, emphasizing the importance of integrating sustainability principles across disciplines and fostering environmental awareness among students and faculty.

Middle East universities, through their commitment to energy efficiency, renewable energy integration, waste management, water conservation, sustainable transportation, and sustainability education, are driving positive change towards a more sustainable future [7].

Sustainability assessment tools

According to the sustainability model, sustainability encompasses a comprehensive and interconnected approach that includes economic, environmental, and social aspects (Figure 3). Sustainability-oriented practices inherently possess multiple dimensions and are structured around economic, environmental, and social considerations. Rarely does an activity remain strictly one-dimensional (e.g., solely environmental) because it usually has implications on economic and social aspects as well. Similarly, a university's performance aspects such as research, education, and environmental protection are interconnected and multifaceted. All these aspects must be evaluated when considering the sustainability of the university. Activities like research, development, investment, and matriculation are closely linked to the economic dimension of university development.

The assessment of sustainability in universities has been examined with a number of critical reviews and meta-analyses on the use of various assessment tools. It can be seen that a great deal has been written about sustainability, sustainability in higher education and assessment, measures and ranking of sustainability [8]. However, most of this is in regional, national or local contexts or case studies of single university's attempts to establish and measure sustainability. There is still relatively little in the literature on global sustainability assessment and rankings in higher education.

UI GreenMetric a global sustainability assessing and ranking tool for university addresses this lack. It is the first and the only ranking that measure each participating university’s commitment in developing an ‘environmentally friendly’ infrastructure. The mission for the assessment and ranking of UI GreenMetric was that it is of interest and accessible to universities in developing countries as well as to those in developed countries. It provides an entry-level tool for assessing campus sustainability efforts [9]. The assessment and ranking emerged out of a number of disparate concerns and realizations regarding the challenge of introducing sustainable concepts in a Sustainability Environmental Assessment (SEA) context. The other aspects of the mission for the assessment and ranking were that it be global in scope, raise awareness in sustainability and are a driver of change. The evaluation of sustainability in universities has been thoroughly explored through critical reviews and meta-analyses that examine various assessment tools. Numerous studies have been dedicated to sustainability, particularly in higher education, focusing on measures and rankings related to sustainability. However, the majority of these studies are centered on regional, national, or local contexts, or they present case studies of individual universities' efforts to establish and measure sustainability. As a result, there remains a limited amount of literature on global sustainability assessment and rankings in higher education.

To address this gap, the UI GreenMetric was introduced as a global sustainability assessment and ranking tool specifically designed to meet this need. It stands as the first and only ranking system that evaluates each participating university's commitment to developing an environmentally friendly infrastructure. The primary mission behind the creation of the UI GreenMetric was to make it accessible and relevant to universities in both developing and developed countries. It serves as an entry-level tool for assessing campus sustainability endeavors [10]. The assessment and ranking of UI GreenMetric were born from various concerns and realizations about the challenges associated with incorporating sustainable concepts within a Sustainability Environmental Assessment (SEA) context. Additionally, the mission sought to establish a global scope for the ranking, raise awareness about sustainability, and act as a driving force for positive change (Table 1).

Table 1: The UI GreenMetric categories used in the assessing, ranking and their weighting sustainability in universities.

Setting and infrastructure: The assessment of campus setting and infrastructure provides essential insights into the university's commitment to creating an environmentally friendly environment. This indicator also serves to evaluate whether the campus can be labeled as a green campus. The objective is to motivate participating universities to allocate more space for green areas, contribute to environmental preservation, and develop sustainable energy practices [11].

Energy and climate change: The University’s attention to energy usage and climate change holds the highest weightage in the ranking. Several indicators are defined within this area, including energyefficient appliance usage, policies on renewable energy usage, total electricity consumption, energy conservation programs, green building initiatives, and programs aimed at climate change adaptation and mitigation, along with policies on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Through this indicator, universities are encouraged to intensify their efforts in achieving energy efficiency in their buildings and prioritize nature and energy resource conservation [12].

Waste: Waste treatment and recycling practices are crucial factors in fostering a sustainable environment. Given the considerable waste generated by university staff and students on campus, specific programs and waste treatments should be a priority for the university.

Key elements include recycling programs, toxic waste recycling, organic and inorganic waste treatment, sewerage disposal, and policies to reduce the use of paper and plastic on campus.

Water: Water usage on campus is another significant indicator in GreenMetric. The objective is for universities to decrease water consumption, enhance conservation programs, and protect natural habitats. Criteria for assessment include water conservation programs and the use of piped water.

Transportation: The transportation system plays a pivotal role in carbon emissions and pollutant levels within the university. Implementing transportation policies to limit the number of motor vehicles on campus and encouraging the use of campus buses and bicycles contribute to a healthier environment. The pedestrian policy fosters a culture of walking around campus and discourages private vehicle usage. Additionally, utilizing environmentally friendly public transportation options helps reduce the carbon footprint around the campus.

Education: This criterion holds 18% of the total score and was expanded based on the belief that universities play a vital role in cultivating a new generation that is conscious of sustainability principles (Table 2).

Table 2: Indicators used in assessing and ranking sustainability in universities by UI GreenMetric.

Based on the information provided in Table 1 and 2, this research aims to conduct a quantitative study by incorporating the cardinal dimensions of sustainability, integrated with the C.O.R.E System/ Model (Curriculum, Operation, Research, and Engagements). The objective is to observe and assess the sustainability-oriented practices of the eleven leading Asian universities focused on sustainability, as ranked by UI GreenMetric [13].

Methodology

This research aimed to observe and evaluate the management practices concerning sustainability implementation in Middle Eastern universities. The main question addressed in this study was: Do sustainability-focused Middle Eastern universities manage the implementation of sustainability in their CORE system (Curriculum, Operations, Research, and Engagement)?

To answer this question, the research utilized content analysis of UI GreenMetric and universities' websites to examine how universities implement and manage sustainability-related practices. The UI GreenMetric sustainable university assessment and ranking index was chosen due to its comprehensive consideration of the Operations, Curriculum, Research, and Engagements (CORE system) of universities. The index incorporates various indicators, including setting and infrastructure, energy and climate change, waste, water, transportation, and education. This approach covers all three dimensions of the triple bottom line of sustainability (environment, economy, and society), which sets it apart from other indexes like GASU, GEENSHIP, AASHE: STAR, ESM, and others that predominantly focus on operational eco-efficiency [14].

Procedure for data collections and analysis: The study's sample was drawn from a pool of approximately two hundred and twenty-four (224) universities worldwide, which were recognized as top sustainable institutions based on the UI GreenMetric index for the year 2021. The focus of this research was specifically on the top twentynine (29) sustainability-focused universities in the Middle Eastern region, as determined by their rankings in the UI GreenMetric sustainable ranking index. Consisting of twenty-five (25) universities in each year. The study sample includes King Abdulaziz University, Istanbul Technical University, Al-Balqa Applied University, Cyprus International University, University of Sharjah, Erciyes University, Ozyegin University, Yildiz Technical University, Yeditepe University, University of Zanjan, Ege University, An-Najah National University, American University of Beirut (AUB), American University in Cairo, Middle East Technical University, University Of Anbar, Qassim University, Kashan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Bartin University, Aksaray University, University of Kashan, University of Babylon, Al Ain University, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili,and Jordan University of Science and Technology, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Al-Mustaqbal University College, and Alzahra University (Table 3) [15].

Table 3: Top twenty-nine Middle Eastern sustainable universities between 2021 and 2022 with their countries.

Data collection occurred during July 2023. To assess and quantify the data, the researcher employed descriptive data analysis to ascertain the accuracy and significance of the current situation. Descriptive data analysis involves calculating percentage distributions The formula utilized in this study to calculate percentages is as follows:

The choice of using percentage as the method of data analysis was based on its ability to provide a clear and straightforward representation of the situation without the intricacies of other statistical techniques [16]. The data analysis employed in this study includes the presentation of findings through tables, charts, and diagrams, effectively illustrating the prevalent sustainability practices observed in the selected universities.

Results and Discussion

Finding and evaluation

The findings revealed that top sustainability-focused Middle Eastern universities have demonstrated varying degrees of commitment to sustainability and are actively striving to integrate it within their institutions. Table 4 displays the outcomes of the UI Green Metric assessment and ranking for the selected Middle Eastern universities in 2021 and 2022, along with their respective scores on each indicator.

Table 4: UI GreenMetric 2021 and 2022 sustainability assessment and ranking of top middle Eastern sustainability focused universities.

Based on the examination of Figures 4 and 5, it is evident that the top sustainability-focused Middle Eastern universities exhibited an above-average performance in the overall implementation of sustainability practices in both 2021 and 2022, as indicated by the results of the UI GreenMetric overall sustainability assessment index. Furthermore, there was a noticeable overall improvement in the performance of all twenty-five top sustainable universities in 2022 compared to their performance in 2021.

Table 5 illustrates the percentage analysis of the twenty-nine selected sustainability-focused Middle Eastern universities concerning their sustainability practices in 2021 and 2022, utilizing the CORE system. The Operational aspect of this system encompasses elements such as setting and infrastructure, energy and climate change, waste, water, and transportation. On the other hand, the Curriculum, Research, and Engagement (Outreach) components are collectively considered under Education, as indicated by the UI GreenMetric sustainability assessment indicators.

Table 5: Percentage analysis of selected top Middle Eastern sustainability focused universities’ sustainability practices using CORE system and UI GreenMetric indicators between 2021 and 2022

Operation (setting and infrastructure, energy and climate, waste, water and transportation)

Figures 6 and 7 depict the performance of the twenty-nine selected sustainability-focused Middle Eastern universities under the operational aspect of the CORE system. This section includes various elements related to setting and infrastructure, such as campus setting, total areas on campus, areas covered in forested vegetation, areas covered in planted vegetation (including lawns, gardens, green roofs, internal planting), total ground floor area of buildings, number of academic and administrative staff, university budget for sustainability efforts, and retention of non-retentive surfaces for water absorption on campus [17].

University of Sharjah and Middle East Technical University maintained a lead over the rest universities with 93.3%, while the rest of other universities were above average in both years. This indicates that the area of setting and infrastructure provides fundamental insights into a university's commitment to fostering a green environment. As depicted in Figures 6 and 7, the scores reveal that the twenty-nine university campuses are still progressing towards being recognized as green campuses, primarily concerning their setting and infrastructure, where there is a need for universities to create more green spaces and prioritize environmental preservation.

Figures 6 and 7 also present a bar chart analysis of the selected universities' performance in Energy conservation and climate change mitigation. This aspect involves factors such as the usage of energyefficient appliances, policies on renewable energy usage, total electricity consumption, energy conservation programs, green building initiatives, and climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts, including policies on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. University of Kashan leads in 2022 with 98.8% and followed by Al-Balqa applied University with 88.0%. University of Sharjah was below average in 2021 with 46.4% and was above average in 2022 with 65.9%. The rest of other universities were above average in both years. This suggests that the top sustainability-focused Middle Eastern universities are demonstrating a strong commitment to environmental issues and should continue their efforts to address and mitigate climate change [18]. Based on the findings from the analysis of Figure 6 and 7, it is apparent that universities need to further enhance their focus on energy efficiency to achieve a higher level of eco-efficiency in their campuses, contributing to sustainability.

Additionally, concerning waste management, this aspect encompasses critical factors such as the implementation of recycling programs at the university, handling toxic waste recycling, organic waste treatment, inorganic waste treatment, sewerage disposal, and the adoption of policies aimed at reducing the use of paper and plastic during campus activities. These initiatives play a significant role in fostering a sustainable environment. Figures 6 and 7 show that King Abdulaziz University, University of Sharjah, Yeditepe University, Qassim University, Al Ain University, and Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK) maintained a lead with 91.6%, while University of Anbar was below average in 2021 with 41.6%, but was above average in 2022 with 66.6%. These universities have effectively controlled the actions of their staff and students on campus, resulting in significant waste reduction through the implementation of various programs and waste treatment initiatives. Other universities, although performing above average in both years, still have room for improvement in this aspect.

Moreover, concerning water conservation, the focus is on universities' efforts to reduce water consumption, implement water conservation programs, manage piped water usage, and protect natural habitats. Cyprus international university, university of Sharjah, university of Zanjan, Qassim university, and with 100% progress in decreasing their water usage on campus, increase water conservation program, and protect the habitat to a large extent in achieving water conservation in 2022. While Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman university scored 100% in water usage in 2021. The rest of the other universities performed above average in both years. The findings reveal that the studied universities have made substantial progress in reducing water usage on campus, implementing effective water conservation programs, and prioritizing habitat protection to a significant extent, leading to successful water conservation efforts. However, further dedication and commitments are still needed for these universities to be recognized as fully sustainable institutions in terms of water conservation.

In the area of transportation, Yildiz technical university leads with a 90.2% score in 2022. While Al-Mustaqbal university college led other universities with 87.5.6% in 2021. The rest of other universities were above average in both years. Recognizing the significant impact of transportation systems on carbon emissions and pollution levels within the university, the management of the studied universities has taken proactive steps to implement transportation policies. These policies aim to restrict the number of motor vehicles on campus, promote the use of campus buses and bicycles for a healthier environment. Additionally, the implementation of pedestrian policies encourages students and staff to walk around campus, discouraging the use of private vehicles. Moreover, universities have also adopted environmentally friendly public transportation options to reduce the carbon footprint in the campus vicinity. However, further commitment from universities in the realm of transportation is necessary to effectively decrease the carbon footprint around campus.

Curriculum, research and engagement (Education): The remaining components of the CORE system, namely Curriculum, Research, and Engagement (Outreach), fall under the Education category. Curriculum involves factors such as the numbers of courses offered that are related to environment and sustainability, along with the total number of courses available. Research includes the total research funds allocated to environmental and sustainability research, the overall research funds, and the number of scholarly publications on environment and sustainability [19]. Engagement entails the count of scholarly events focused on environment and sustainability, the number of staff and student organizations related to these topics, and the presence of a university sustainability website.

The above finding from Figures 6 and 7 shows that the twenty-nine top Middle Eastern Sustainability focused Universities are really above average in implementing sustainability in their curriculum, research and engagement programs. Middle East Technical university leads with 100% in both 2021 and 2022, while the rest of the other universities were above average in both years. This indicates that the studied universities are actively implementing a greater number of sustainability-related courses within their curriculum. In terms of research, these universities are fostering research on sustainability topics among both students and staff, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research in sustainability. The universities have made significant strides in publishing research that focuses on sustainability-related issues [20].

In the area of engagement (Outreach), universities have successfully encouraged numerous sustainability activities and projects related to community services and development. This is of utmost importance, considering the pivotal role universities play in shaping the mindset of the new generation towards sustainability. As they prepare the majority of professionals who will go on to manage and teach in both public and private institutions in society, universities bear a fundamental responsibility to provide education, training, and research for sustainability. This progress is crucial since future professionals will work in a global landscape where companies increasingly prioritize sustainability on their agendas (Figure 8).

Conclusion

Sustainable practices in universities across the Middle East are becoming increasingly important as institutions recognize the need to address environmental challenges and promote sustainability. While the specific initiatives may vary from one university to another, here are some common sustainable practices adopted by universities in the Middle East:

Energy efficiency: Universities are implementing energy-efficient measures such as installing LED lighting, utilizing natural lighting, optimizing HVAC systems, and promoting energy conservation practices among students and staff. Some universities are also adopting renewable energy sources like solar panels to meet their energy needs.

Waste management: Universities are implementing waste management strategies to reduce, recycle, and properly dispose of waste. This includes initiatives like recycling programs, composting, reducing paper consumption through digitalization, and promoting responsible waste disposal practices on campus.

Water conservation: Due to water scarcity in many parts of the Middle East, universities are implementing water conservation measures. This includes installing water-efficient fixtures, promoting water-saving practices, implementing rainwater harvesting systems, and using treated wastewater for non-potable purposes like irrigation.

Sustainable transportation: Universities are encouraging sustainable transportation options to reduce carbon emissions and promote greener mobility. They may provide bicycle-sharing programs, promote carpooling, encourage the use of public transportation, and provide electric vehicle charging infrastructure on campus.

Green building and infrastructure: Many universities in the Middle East are constructing or retrofitting their buildings to meet green building standards. This includes incorporating sustainable design principles, using environmentally friendly materials, implementing efficient insulation and ventilation systems, and aiming for energy-efficient certification such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design).

Sustainability education and research: Universities play a crucial role in educating students about sustainability and conducting research on sustainable practices. They offer academic programs and courses related to sustainability, organize workshops and conferences on environmental topics, and facilitate research projects that focus on sustainable development and environmental conservation.

Community engagement: Universities often engage with local communities to promote sustainable practices beyond their campuses. This includes organizing awareness campaigns, offering training programs for community members, collaborating with local organizations on sustainability projects, and participating in regional and international sustainability initiatives.

Green procurement: Universities are adopting sustainable procurement practices by prioritizing eco-friendly products and services. This includes sourcing environmentally friendly office supplies, selecting energy-efficient appliances, and choosing suppliers with sustainable practices and certifications.

Green spaces and biodiversity: Universities are creating green spaces on their campuses, including gardens, parks, and green roofs. These spaces not only provide recreational areas for students and staff but also contribute to biodiversity conservation by supporting native plants and wildlife habitats.

Environmental policy and reporting: Universities are developing environmental policies and sustainability plans to guide their efforts. They are also increasingly publishing sustainability reports to transparently communicate their progress, goals, and challenges related to sustainable practices.

Suggestions

It's worth noting that the extent and implementation of sustainable practices can vary among universities in the Middle East. Some institutions may have comprehensive sustainability strategies, while others may be in the early stages of adopting sustainable practices. Universities across the Middle East have taken significant strides in adopting sustainable practices, recognizing the pressing need to address environmental challenges and promote a greener future. Today, we explore some of the remarkable sustainable initiatives implemented by Middle East universities.

Energy-efficient buildings and renewable energy: Middle East universities are embracing energy efficiency and renewable energy to reduce their carbon footprint. The American University of Sharjah in the UAE is a shining example. They have integrated energy-efficient systems, including smart lighting, advanced insulation, and motion sensors, resulting in a significant reduction in energy consumption. In Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) stand out for its commitment to renewable energy. They have implemented a solar energy plant that supplies a substantial portion of the campus's electricity needs, and King Fahd University of petroleum and minerals in Saudi Arabia has established a solar power plant that supplies a substantial portion of the university's electricity needs. Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan: The university has implemented several sustainable practices, including the establishment of a solar energy research center and the integration of renewable energy technologies on campus. Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, United Arab Emirates: As a specialized research university, Masdar Institute focuses on sustainable development and renewable energy. They have implemented sustainable building design, renewable energy integration, and waste management practices.

Waste management and recycling: Waste management is a key area of focus for sustainable practices in Middle East universities. Qatar University has implemented an extensive recycling program, encouraging students and staff to recycle paper, plastic, and electronic waste. The University of Bahrain has adopted innovative approaches to waste management by introducing on-campus composting facilities and utilizing the compost in their landscaping projects. Waste management practices play a significant role in sustainable campuses. The American University in Cairo, Egypt, has implemented comprehensive waste management programs, including recycling initiatives and composting systems to divert waste from landfills. King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia has established recycling centers across its campus and implemented awareness campaigns to promote recycling among students and staff.

Water conservation: Water scarcity is a pressing issue in the Middle East, making water conservation a top priority for universities. The American University of Beirut (AUB) has implemented a comprehensive water management plan, including the use of treated wastewater for irrigation and the installation of water-saving fixtures on campus. The United Arab Emirates University has adopted innovative technologies such as smart irrigation systems and waterefficient landscaping to reduce water consumption. Water scarcity is a critical issue in the Middle East, prompting universities to adopt water conservation practices. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia have implemented advanced water-saving technologies, such as smart irrigation systems and leak detection systems, to reduce water waste.

Sustainable transportation: Middle East universities are promoting sustainable transportation options to reduce carbon emissions. The American University in Cairo encourages students and staff to use bicycles by providing dedicated bike lanes and bikesharing programs on campus. The Effat University in Saudi Arabia has implemented a carpooling system to reduce traffic congestion and encourage sustainable commuting among its community. The American University of Sharjah in the UAE encourages cycling by providing dedicated bike lanes, bicycle-sharing programs, and bikefriendly infrastructure on campus. American University of Beirut, Lebanon: The University has implemented various sustainability initiatives, including the development of a green roof on one of its buildings and the promotion of sustainable transportation options.

Sustainability education and research: Middle East universities play a vital role in promoting sustainability education and conducting research. The Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in the UAE focuses on renewable energy and sustainable technologies. Their research initiatives contribute to the development of innovative solutions for a sustainable future. The Sultan Qaboos University in Oman offers interdisciplinary programs on environmental sustainability, equipping students with the knowledge and skills to address environmental challenges. The King Saud University in Saudi Arabia offers academic programs and research centers focused on sustainable development and environmental sciences. The American University of Dubai has established the center for green buildings and renewable energy to promote research and innovation in sustainable architecture and renewable energy technologies.

Community engagement: Middle East universities actively engage with local communities to promote sustainable practices beyond their campuses. The American University of Kuwait collaborates with local organizations and government entities on community projects, including environmental awareness campaigns and sustainable development initiatives. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia partners with local communities to implement renewable energy projects, contributing to the region's sustainable development.

Middle East universities are at the forefront of sustainable practices, implementing energy efficiency measures, promoting waste management, conserving water, encouraging sustainable transportation, and fostering sustainability education and research. Through these collective efforts, they are shaping a more sustainable future for the region.

This study demonstrates that all twenty-nine top sustainabilityfocused Middle Eastern universities included in the research are actively implementing sustainability practices and are performing above average in this regard. The observations indicate that these universities have integrated sustainability into their goals, policies, and strategies, and have taken steps to implement sustainability initiatives to address the demands of creating a sustainable society, starting with their management practices.

Based on the findings, the universities need to intensify their efforts in the operational eco-efficiency aspect of the CORE system, which includes areas like setting and infrastructure, energy and climate change, waste reduction/recycling, water conservation, and transportation. In the area of education, which encompasses curriculum, research, and engagement in the CORE system, all the universities performed above average, but there is room for further commitment in this aspect, given its importance in educating students and society about sustainability.

It is crucial for all universities in the Middle East to take sustainability seriously and incorporate it into their management practices, considering their pivotal role as contributors to the global economy and as major influencers in shaping a sustainable society. The success of universities in the twenty-first century will be measured by their ability to prioritize sustainability and environmental considerations as integral components of academic practice.

While this research examined the implementation of sustainability practices through the UI GreenMetric sustainable ranking index, website contents, and sustainability annual reports, it did not directly measure stakeholders' perceptions of these practices. It is essential to gauge stakeholders' opinions, as their feedback can shed light on whether these practices align with their expectations and if they perceive them as genuine commitments towards sustainability. Future studies could explore the impact of sustainability practices on stakeholders' perceptions and loyalty towards the universities.

The recommendations arising from the findings of this research, which highlight areas of improvement in the implementation of sustainability practices by the studied universities, are as follows:

• Engage in the delivery of a sustainable campus infrastructure with all construction and refurbishment projects rated BREEAM excellent.
• Encourage more people to commute by walking, cycling, and carsharing.
• Maximize biodiversity on campus and create additional green environments.
• Establish a sustainable food culture by providing fair-trade products and collaborating with local food partners to increase the availability of seasonal, local, and organic food. • Embed sustainable procurement practices by sourcing from socially, ethically, and environmentally responsible businesses.
• Foster business community partnerships to support the community and local, regional, and social enterprises.
• Prioritize education for sustainable development, enriching learning across the formal and non-formal curriculum.
• Advance the development of education potential for sustainable development, particularly in relation to enhancing the students' and staff experience and building a more sustainable university.
• Promote and advance research in education for sustainable development to further the university's cross-institutional sustainability agenda and raise its profile in the higher education sector.
• Undertake substantial sustainability research to provide solutions for pressing sustainability issues.
• Facilitate internal communications and enhance research interaction for sustainability within the university.
• Promote sustainability research and establish the Institute of sustainability solutions research as the primary point of contact for organizations seeking to engage with the university on sustainability.
• Increase the impact of sustainability research.
• Support multi-disciplinary funding and identify and communicate funding opportunities to support teams and their project ideas for sustainability research.

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