Research Article, Res Rep Metals Vol: 1 Issue: 4

Non-destructive Control in Quality Monitoring of Steel Construction

Maksimov AB^* and Gadeyev AV

Kerch State Marine Technological University, Kerch, Russia

*Corresponding Author : Maksimov AB
Kerch State Marine Technological University, Kerch, Russia
E-mail: aleksandrmks@yandex.ru

Received: November 11, 2017 Accepted: December 06, 2017 Published: December 11, 2017

Citation: Maksimov AB, Gadeyev AV (2017) Non-destructive Control in Quality Monitoring of Steel Construction. Res Rep Metals 1:4.

Abstract

Keywords: Coercivity measurement; Damaging; Metal; Coercive strength; Constructional steel; Tension; Deformation

Introduction

An objective of this work is a statement of need and necessity of definition of mechanical properties and limited operation life of a metal in the operational process with help of coercive strength.

In the operational process, any construction is exposed to constant and alternate loads. In the course of time, alternate loads lead to metal fatigue and eventually to its failure. Metal fatigue resides in the accumulation of defects of the structural condition in the process of alternate loads. Amount and intensity of load, as a rule, are random and unpredictable features. Hence it is possible only approximately to estimate the influence of spurious behaviors on the change of construction steel microstructure. The change leads to its failure. This is true that fatigue failure occurs accidentally without any apparent marks of prior plastic deformation. Strength properties of constructional steels increase a little at the beginning of the process of fatigue testing and then, attaining a maximum, decrease abruptly and a failure occurs. Steel dislocation structure at fatigue changes the same way as at static tension. At the beginning the growth of density of single dislocations occurs. Afterwards, reaching a certain density, single dislocations develop into dislocation walls forming a cell structure. If further deformed, a cell dislocation structure develops onto a striple-like one. It is considered [1] that formation of striplelike structure is the beginning of evolution of irreversible failure rate. The works [2-5] show that the border line between reversible and irreversible failure rate of steel can be estimated at the deformation amounting to 0,15-0,20 of a homogeneous deformation.

Construction metal can operate securely in the area of reversible failure. Admissible operation of metal may be to a certain degree of development of irreversible failure; afterwards further operation may lead to accident unpredictable fracture. Definition of a border line between reversible and irreversible failure and admissible one is achieved by means of researching of microstructure and mechanical properties of samples, cut out of definite places of a construction. As a rule they are the places with the biggest strain.

Affecting the construction in the operational process is in general of stochastic nature. However, operational conditions of any specific construction can be most probably treated as normal, i.e. as a determined system. Consequently metal damage accumulation can be apparently described with a Palmgren-Miner liner model [6]:

(1)

Where n_i is a number of cycles,

N_p Is a number of cycles before failure at a constant amplitude of deformation or strain.

Indeed, if amplitudes of deformation or strain differ greatly (several-fold), the formula (1) doesn’t work. Depending on sequence of amplitude values of deformations or strains, the left part of the formula (1) may have more or less anes [7]. According to Novozhilov’s theory, it is sufficient to use linear summation rule for failure calculation at nonstationary loadingif deformation or strain amplitude changes moderately.

Therefore, value Ψ_i defined according to the formula can be treated as a quantity characteristic of failure relevant at n_i cycle numbers:

(2)

According to the work [2] reversible failure is relevant to a value equal to (0,2–0,3) δ_p where δ_p is percentage extension at homogeneous deformation. Therefore, the biggest value of reversible failure with account of the formula (2) looks like:

(3)

The Figure 1 shows the change of coercive strength from the failure rate for steel 09�?2 at extension to the fracture.

In that regard appliance of non-destructive testing of steel structure and properties is of practical importance. Coercive strength of a metal is the most sensitive properties to the change of a microstructure. This way, for example, at the extension deformation of constructional steel to (4-5) % coercive strength increases to (50-80) %, in this condition acoustic properties (the speed of elastic waves), electrical resistance increase by (2-5) % [8-10].

Application of steel coercive force for definition of microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties is allowed by a series of regulatory documents: «GOST (State Standard) 30415-96. Steel Nondestructive control of mechanical properties and microstructure of metal products by means of a magnetic method», «OST (industry standard) 14-1-184-65, «Ð¢U (technical conditions ) -14-1016-74» and other.

At present, an instrumental base of devices for coercive force measurement – coercimeter –is presented rather diverse. The major part of coercimeters has an attachable sensor with the size of pole sections 12*28 mm. It corresponds to metal magnetization to a depth of up to 5 mm. A Coercimeter Ð�?Ð�?ФÐ�?-1Н has a size of pole sections of 20*40 mm, what corresponds to metal magnetization to a depth of up to 10 mm.

Most of coercimeters have an autonomous mode of operation (from mains and from internal batteries). A mass of devices doesn’t exceed 2 kilos. It allows to use them not in both laboratory and reallife conditions.

Coercive force is arc wise connected to the flow limit and temporal resistance to fracture [11,12]:

(4)

Where σ_T is steel flow limit, MPa.

(5)

σ_B is temporal resistance to fracture, MPa;

H_c is coercive force A/m;

A and Bare coefficients identified empirically which depend on steel chemical properties.

Coercive force is connected to the grain in proportion [13-15]:

(6)

Where d is a grain size;

H_c is coercive force a unit crystal;

C is a coefficient depending on a steel type.

For constructional steel the size corresponds the diameter of a ferritic grain.

Conclusion

With references to the performed research and analysis of literary data we may conclude that there is a sufficient theoretical and experimental base for dependence of coercive force on the steel structure. Steel structure determines a complex of mechanical properties. Consequently, the measurement of coercive force of constructional steel allows to monitor the strength and remaining operation life by means of a nondestructive methods.

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