Research Article, J Pharm Sci Emerg Drugs Vol: 7 Issue: 1

Mutation Occurrence in TP53 and Ctnnb1 Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Echinococcus granulosus Infection

Nazar Sh Mohammed^*

College of Health and Medical Technology Baghdad, Middle Technical University (MTU), Baghdad, Iraq

*Corresponding Author : Nazar Sh Mohammed
College of Health and Medical Technology Baghdad, Middle Technical University MTU, Baghdad, Iraq
Tel: 07902231958
E-mail: nazarnazar909@yahoo.com

Received: June 22, 2018 Accepted: May 18, 2019 Published: September 27, 2019

Citation: Mohammed Sh N (2019) Mutation Occurrence in TP53 and Ctnnb1 Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Echinococcus granulosus Infection. J Pharm Sci Emerg Drugs 7:1

Abstract

Keywords: TP53 gene; Mutation; Tumor; Hydatid cyst; Gene sequencing

Introduction

Hydatid cyst caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is an important zoonotic infection causing high morbidity and mortality in human [1]. A great many intraspecific variants or strains of Echinococcus granulosus have been described from different intermediate host species or geographical areas [2]. Echiococcus granulosus is known to exist as a biologically distinct sub specific variants or strains which may vary in their infectivity to man [3]. There is clear evidence that within Echiococcus species, genetic heterogeneity is commonly found, and that these intraspecific variations perhaps have important roles in regard epidemiology. A strain of Echinococcus is a group of individuals which differs statistically from other groups of the same species in gene frequencies [4]. Although morphological and biological studies have provided extremely useful information for strain identification, it has to be considered that Despite biological and morphological studies presented very important information on strain detection we have to observe the variability of these features [5]. They might be affected by environmental and host factors and might not show distinct genetic feature [6]. The parasite that has effect on the tumor suppressor protein which is encoded by the TP53 gene contribute to the multiple cellular pathways such as DNA repair, angiogenesis cell cycle control, cellular senescence, cell differentiation, apoptosis induction, and cell proliferation control [7]. In spite of the dependence of frequency on the Tumor type, site and stage TP53 gene mutation is mostly sporadic and happens in about 50% of all human malignancies [8]. Mutations of TP53 germline lead to Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), which rare predisposition syndrome of cancer related dramatically high prevalence and early onset and different primary neoplastic disease e.g. breast cancer, brain cancer (including MB), soft tissue and bone carcinoma as well as adrenocortical carcinoma [9]. By using PCR amplification HCCs were analyzed for point mutations in exons 5-8, using PCR amplification, direct DNA sequencing and single-strand conformation polymorphism, all these HCCs have been tested for exon 5-8 point mutation [7]. Mutations were found in 11 HCC patients. The study aimed to detection of the Hydatid cysts in infected patients, and to determine of the mutations occurred in TP53 and CTNNB1 genes in liver cancer patients.

Materials and Methods

This study was carried out in Baghdad from 21^st January 2017 to 31^st September 2017. Every sample was examined by light microscope to confirm the fertility of the cysts that mean protoscoleces. Futherly they were measured the size of cysts were measured as a diameters. DNA extraction from hepatic cells was a primary and crucial step which has a principle effect on PCR results [10]. In the current study 11 simple methods for DNA extraction from hepatocytes cells were used DNA extraction of liver biopsy samples were localized by histological examination of tissue sections stained with H&E. Paraffin sections were dewaxed and rehydrated before further processing. Tumor areas from several (frozen or paraffin) sections were microdissected with a scalpel blade, pooled, and soaked overnight at 4 °Cin 200 pA of buffer containing 50 nmi Tris-HC1 (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 2 mr EDTA, and 1% (w/v) SDS. DNA extraction was performed essentially as described by Shafritz et al. [11] PCR. The analyses of p53 gene mutations in liver tumor induced in human cancers the majority of p53 point mutations are localized within these evolutionarily conserved regions that code for the DNA-binding domain of the protein. The shifted SSCP fragments were collected and submitted to a standard PCR followed by an asymmetrical PCR, to amplify either the sense or the antisense strand. For both the asymmetrical PCR and DNA sequencing, the same primers were used as for amplification of genomic DNA. The primer used was 5′-ATGGAACCAGACAGAAAAGC-3′; 439 F: 5′-GCTACTTGTTCTTGAGTGAAG-3′ DNA isolation. Tumor areas in the liver samples were localized by histological examination of tissue sections stained with H&E. Several consecutive microtome unstained sections were then prepared. Paraffin sections were dewaxed and rehydrated before further processing. Tumor areas from several (frozen or paraffin) sections were microdissected with a scalpel blade, pooled, and soaked overnight at 4 °Cin 200 pA of buffer containing 50 nmi Tris-HC1 (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 2 mr@i EDTA, and 1% (w/v) SDS DNA extraction.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were computer assisted using Chi square [10].

Results

In Table 1, the results showed that in the distribution of Hydatid cyst among age groups, that mean (32.03 ± 17.44) showed no significant difference P=0.272, and a highly significant deference was between genders P=0.000, While a significant differences was seen between rural and urban P=0.000.

Table 1: Distribution of socio-demographical characteristics in patients with hydatid cyst.

The distribution of hydatid cyst according to their size

The majority of cysts 20 (50%) had (>10 cm) size, 6 cyst (15%) had (6-8 cm) size, 6 cysts (15%) had (3-5 cm) size. While 8 cysts (20%) were (9-10 cm) size (Table 2).

Table 2: Distribution of hydatid cyst according to their size.

Detection the mutation of liver tumor with hydatid infection

Tumor induction ASL and HCCs were obtained from human complaining from Hyadatid cyst. The 11 samples were from the following carcinogenicity bioassays (Figure 1).

Figure 1: The sequence of TP53 gene, nucleotides changes shown in TP53 gene Exon 147,152,160.203, and 235 amplified from tumor lever cancer samples. The mutation occurred on nucleotides TCC, GGT, ACT, CGC and ATC of TP53 gene.

BT1, BT2, to B11 tissue samples had been either frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at 80 °C or fixed in alcohol and embedded in paraffin (Table 3).

Table 3: Tumor obtained from patients with Hydatid cysts infection, 6 out of 11 samples was found mutation in numbers of exons in different position of TP53 gene.

Discussion and Conclusion

Echinococcus granulosus is one of risky parasites which may lead to carcinoma and this finding agreed with Brawly O who found that the most interesting liver cysts have personally seen were a series of hydatid cysts caused by Echinococcus [12]. The liver is the first portal to infiltrate its infection with Hydatid cyst which may expose it to cancer, and this report applies to that deduced by Zhang, R et al., who found that the ideal experimental model should orthotopically induce hydatid disease in the most affected organ, i.e., the liver [13], the model should resemble the natural infection route and course with a stable and predictable growth pattern [13]. The diagnoses of 11 cancer cases of patients with this parasite, demonstrates co-infection with cancer disease. The study found that most of the 11 patients are female 7(70%) than male 3(30%). This finding agreed with Brunttei, E who reported that the estrogen hormone plays an important role in dissolving egg shells and facilitating hatched encosphere of the parasite to penetrate host females tissues [14]. The size of the cyst was >10 cm. in 50% of Hydatid cyst located inside hepatic with a highly significant difference P=0.000. The reached study agreed with Al-shamary who found that the size of the cyst reached to >10 cm in liver tissue because the liver cells have the ability to inflation and accommodate the large size of the cyst [15]. The genetic mutations obtained at several sites on Tp53 gene are indicative of liver cancer, and the change in occurred the nucleotides sequence in the top of the TP53 exons: TCC to TCT in exon 147 [16], GGT to AGT in exon 152 [5], ACT to CCT in exon 160 [5], ATG to ATG in exon 235 [11], TAT to TGT in exon 203 [6], ATC to TTC in exon 253 [7], CGC to CAC in exon 246 [7] and GAG to GTG in exon 283 [8]. This is a clear evidence that there is a cancerous tumor spread and because of this change cell and became an abnormal mass [16]. This study is the first of its kind in Iraq and possibly in the world which explained that it is possible for Hydatid cyst to cause the cancer. The study has shown that there is a genetic change in TP53 gene in exons 5-7 and the occurrence of carcinogenesis in hepatocytes due to B virus and C virus, [17]. This means that hepatic cells caused by many pathogens, viruses and bacteria, as well as parasites that infect those organs [16]. Here, the parasite played an important role in co-occurring with the observed mutations in the gene sequence in those oxons. One other hand, there was no change in the CTNBB1 gene pathway and this finding disagreed with Friemel et al. who found that genetic mutations have occurred in TP53 gene but not occurred in CTNBB1 gene [18].

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