Research Article, J Nucl Ene Sci Power Generat Technol Vol: 10 Issue: 9

Microstrip Patch Antenna for PCS and Wireless Networks

Monika Bhatnagar^1*, Ajay Kumar Chauhan², TS Karthik³, K Srinivas Rao⁴, Kishore Balasubramanian⁵ and K Vigneshwaran⁶

¹Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Galgotias college of Engineering and Technology, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, India

²Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indraprastha Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India

³Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Aditya College of Engineering and Technology, Surampalem, India

⁴Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Rajanakunte, India

⁵Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dr Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, India

⁶Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, K Ramakrishnan college of engineering, Samayapuram, Trichy, India

*Corresponding Author:Monika Bhatnagar
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Galgotias college of Engineering and Technology, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida,201306, India
E-mail:monikabhatnagar06@gmail.com  

Received date: August 31, 2021 Accepted date: September 15, 2021 Published date: September 22, 2021

Citation: Bhatnagar M, Chauhan AK, Karthik TS, Rao KS, Balasubramanian K, et al. (2021) Microstrip Patch Antenna for PCS and Wireless Networks. J Nucl Ene Sci Power Generat Techno 10:9.

Abstract

Keywords: Wireless efficiency; Bandwidth; Array microstrip.

Keywords

Wireless efficiency; Bandwidth; Array microstrip

Introduction

Wireless Network was the type of wireless 2.4 GHz communications (WiFi). Inside the reach of the Web-linked wifi network, a piece of Wireless equipment including a computer, game console, cellphone, or music streaming device may access the Internet [1]. One or even more (connected) wireless devices can span a region as tiny as several buildings and as many sq miles [2].

Patch antenna had garnered the immediate attention of an electromagnetic industry during recent times with the advent of MIC or frequency range semiconductor equipment [3-5]. Despite the many appealing characteristics of the slot antenna component, including lightweight and cheap cost, simple to manufacture, repeatability on curving areas, etc. the small resistance frequency limitation is intrinsically restricted [6].

Methodology

A Microstrip antenna is in the most primitive sense made up of the patch antenna on one side of the dielectric and it has a flat surface on another, as seen in Figure 1. The patches are typically made from a material like copper or gold and can accept any form. In most cases, the radiated patches and feeding lines were grafted onto the insulating substratum [7].

Due to the extreme resonance effects between the border and earth, microstrip antenna transmit mainly. A dielectric substrate substratum with a lower thermal conductivity is ideal for optimal antenna elements because it gives increased performance, broader bandwidth, and improved radiation [8]. The design transmitted line is a microstrip antenna separated by a transmission system of unit Length, with two slots size W and altitude h. The slot antenna is mostly a nonhomogenous strip, characteristic of the substrates, the atmosphere, and two insulators [9]. Several applied voltage connections are located on the substratum and sections of some airline lines as Shown in Figure 2. As a result, the power line is not capable of supporting a simple electromagnetic transversal mode, as the phase speeds in the atmosphere and ground would be varied. Therefore, the quasi-TEM phase is the dominating mode for the transmission. An efficient electrical conductivity must thus be calculated to take the fringe and the acoustic waves into consideration [10].

Where,

εreff: Effect dielectric form

εr: Dielectric form

h: Elevation of dielectric material

W: Width of the substrate

Figure 3 above, showing a square antenna with a slot antenna unit Length, wide W that rests on a length h base. The reference line is thus set that the width would be in the axial direction, the breadth is now in the vertical direction and the altitude is z-direction.

The patch length has to be marginally lower than Lamda (λ)/2 in the case of β inside the dielectric media and equals β0/alias, wherein β0 seems to be the angular frequency, to function in the mode shapes. TM10 means the field changes by one Lamda (λ)/2 cycle throughout the length, while the patch width doesn't vary. The resonator of the slot antenna is illustrated in Figure 4 as below 2 slots, with a transmission system of unit Length divided and accessible on both sides. The highest voltage is throughout the width of the patch, but the current is little since the ends are open. About the ground, the fields on the edges may be separated into normal and tangential components.

It is shown in Figure 5 that in the opposite way and therefore out of step this inside of the electromagnetic current on both sides, as the patches are Lamda/2 wide, such that both negate one another in the side orientation. With the tangent parts in the period see, the resultant fields helped to create the construction of a maximum bending projected area. The margins along the breadth can therefore be classified into two radiated slots, separated and stimulated in phase, and radiated across the patch antenna in the reference plane. The surrounding forces inside the breadth may be represented as radiated slots and the antennas patch seems more electrically than its direct characteristics. On either end, the measurements of a patch across its width were now expanded by a distance of similar duration.

Coaxial feeding is a fairly frequent feeding mechanism for patch antennas. The internal driver of the axial connection runs thru the insulating system and is bonded by the patch antenna as the external driver is linked to the earth level as seen in Figure 6. If = W/2 and X_f=X₀-delata L When the feed-co-ordinate was computed,

For matching their inductance, the major benefit of such a feeding system is to insert the feeding anywhere at a desired point inside the patches. The feeding technique has low fake irradiation and is cheap to manufacture. Nevertheless, it offers a low frequency and is difficult to model because a hole must be carved into support as well as the connection protrudes out of the earth's surface thus it is not flat for sensible heat storage. Their primary drawback. The effective sampling duration also increases the microstrip antenna inductive, which leads to difficulties of correspondence, especially larger substrates. Moreover, the rectangular microstrip feeding and coaxial feed suffer from severe drawbacks in a dielectric substrate substratum, which offers high throughput. These difficulties can be resolved by the non-contact feeding strategies mentioned above.

Taking into account the balance of antennas sizes with efficiency, a microstrip line substratum with a low conductivity has been discovered acceptable for selection. Small substrates can decrease wave propagation length and falsified radiation and low dielectric constancy – better productivity, bandwidth efficiency, and low energy losses. The outcomes predicted are good.

Supernec and 4NCE2X were the programs used for modeling and simulating the Patch antenna. Supernec is a simulated method for Windows or Linux systems for electromechanical events. The simplest instrument ever for structural entry and new elements is the impaired renal function GUI, using inter-components. The result browser gives the designer technician all the essential information, including features like 3D and 2D patterns graphs, chart plots with network analyzer styles indicators, connection graphs, and effectiveness plots, for accurate antennas evaluation.

4NEC2 is a completely free, Nec2, and Window frames program to create, inspect, optimize, test electromagnetic geometric structures in 2D and 3D-types for both beginner and seasoned antennas models, and produce, show and compare radiated close and the far area pattern.

Design analysis

The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna are:

•Frequency of operation: The resonant frequency=2.4 GHz (f₀)

•Dielectric constant of the substrate (εr): Styrofoam=1.03 ( εr)

•Height of dielectric substrate (h): Dielectric substrate=12 mm (h)

•Wavelength=125 mm (λ)

•Width=63 mm (W)

•Dielectric constant=1.1 (εreff)

•Effective length=62 mm (Leff)

•Length extension=7.8 (ΔL)

•Length of patch=47 mm (L)

•Ground plane dimensions=119 mm and 135 mm for (L(g) and W(g))

Input impedance

The usual resistance can indeed be estimated as at the border of a resonating patch antenna

In this configuration, a continuous sensor feed should be employed. As illustrated in Figure 7, the center of the patches is derived from the origin as well as the position of the feed line is determined by original parameters. At a certain moment, the feeding moment should be placed on the pad, for the resonance frequencies the output voltage is 51 Omega.

For the rectangular patch of Yf=33 mm and Xf=11 mm, the estimated feed coordinates are 2, 4 GHz. However, this formula is an estimate and merely the basis Table 1. The derivation of accurate coordinates, corresponding to the resistance of the radiating patch with the antennas, is quite an effective algorithm. The feed location is therefore determined via a test and experiment technique.

Table 1: Error rate of feed point.

Supernec and 4NEC2X are the technology for designing and simulating the microstrip antenna. Supernec is a Unix or Mac platforms Methodology of Electromagnetic Moments (EM) modeling software. This easy-to-use 3D input graphics interface offers an easy way ever to enter and create a model using multi-level assemblies [11]. The reader gives the design technician all necessary information again for correct analysis of antennas including 3D and 2D patterns graphs, charts plot with networks analyzer markers, couplings plotlines, effectiveness plot lines, etc. 4NEC2X is a fully Nec2, Nec4, and window frames program that allows the creation, monitoring, optimization, and inspection of 2D or 3D antenna geometric frameworks, generation, presentation, and/or comparison of both the starter and the expert antennas modeler near radiation pattern [12,13]. Nano antennae antenna array and efficiency as Figure 8 shows. The graphic shows Matlab software and reports an increase of around 8.7 dBi.

Figure 9 shows the architecture of a 3D antenna array. 4Nec2X shows this image. The cables are now in patches, in a patch antenna on the base, and a substratum between both the lines. The feeding location is shown as a purple line.

In Figure 10, the antennas have a rear lobe in their reflection coefficient. The highest luminance collected by the antennas, which is situated at 15°C, may be observed in the image. Pointed at positions 325^° and 45^°, when the recipient is down half from its highest value is 5.66 dB. The input impedance beamwidth of the 70^° microstrip antenna may be determined from the location where the receivability of both the antenna dropped by -3 dB.

Results and Discussion

Observations

In the test, the microstrip antenna is utilized in Ad-hoc configuration as a replacement for an outside wireless network antenna. Ad-hoc mode is a way for smart networks to communicate directly with one another in a mobile computer server. Ad-hoc mode allows any wireless networks within the area to also be discovered and communicated peer-to-peer requiring centralized base stations (Figure 11).

A microprocessor is utilized as wireless connection producing, while others have nodes in the network that has been placed via slot antenna (Figure 12). In wireless connections, the transmitted signal of the wireless connection sources is detected as a test of the radiating patch of a microstrip.

The RG-60 cable, which has a capacitance of 50 megabytes, provides a connection to the wireless LAN card throughout the laptop. The antenna and wireless Network card are included in the architecture, as illustrated in Figure 13. On the laptop is displayed the connection speed of the WLAN acquired by the microstrip antenna. Position 0 is the clearest evidence. In the table is recorded the wifi signal data. After the slot antenna of the slot, the antenna is moved to 5 and the data transmission is shown returned inside the tables upon on laptop. For every point at 360₀, this one has performed again.

If wireless LAN is attached to wider bandwidth, the same signal power in all directions of -50 dBm. If the data in the table is projected in a coordinate system, an antenna array design of a patch antenna will be generated. The microstrip patch antenna structure of emission is shown in Figure 14. Blue lines indicate a pattern for emission of the patch antenna, the red line is an all microstrip antenna design, and the green line is a value of -3 dB of the microstrip line. It shows a pattern of the bidirectional radiation pattern. In the illustration, the wireless LANs acquired with the micro Strip at the angle 0^° likewise has optimum network performance.

At an inclination of 330^° and point 0^°, the signal intensity fell by -38 dBm. The microstrip patch antenna has a half-power beam diameter of 40^°. The back lobe of the microstrip antenna still exists in resonant frequency. The highest wireless LAN signal strength recorded by the dielectric substrate -46 dBm at a direction of 0^° is shown in Figure 15. In an inclination of 3405 and point 10^°, the signal fell by -49 dBm. The monopole cellular antenna's beam width amplitude is 30^°. The rear lobe of a microstrip antenna still exists in resonant frequency.

Conclusion

The microstrip antenna is proposed and manufactured. Mostly during development and production and operational a variety of discoveries were written in the following form:

•Slot antenna connection speed is 16 dB indoors and 12 dB outdoors comparing to directional antennas.

•The microstrip patch antenna range is approximately ± 195 m.

•The micro strip transmitter beam width lightweight is 42 degrees to the interior and 33 degrees to the outside.

•He slot antenna transmitter rear lobes are in place.

•Slot antenna from patch antenna could be utilized as a laptop antenna for the customer.

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3. http://www.supernec.com/
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