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Hindi Case Report, Clin Oncol Case Rep Vol: 2 Issue: 2
Isochromosome i(9)(q10): A Rare Chromosomal Aberration in B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Yogita Rohil1, Dhanlaxmi Shetty1*, Hasmukh Jain2 and LR Nayak2
1Department of Cancer Cytogenetics, Advanced Centre for Training, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
2Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Mumbai, India
*Corresponding Author : Dr. Dhanlaxmi Shetty
Officer-in-Charge, Scientific Officer ‘E’Cancer Cytogenetic Department, Room No. 6, CCE building, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Sector-22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai-410210, India
E-mail: shettydl@tmc.gov.in
Received: March 26, 2019 Accepted: May 03, 2019 Published: May 10, 2019
Citation: Rohil Y, Shetty D, Jain H, Nayak LR (2019) Isochromosome i(9)(q10): A Rare Chromosomal Aberration in B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Oncol Case Rep 2:2.
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) reveals number of non-random chromosome abnormalities which play an important role in prognostication of patients. Isochromosomes are uncommonnon-random chromosome aberrations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and prognostic significance of the presence of isochromosome(s) remains to be well established. The incidence of i(9q) in ALL is very low. Majority of the patients are older than 10 years and the aberration occurs in combination with other chromosomal abnormalities. We present two cases of adult BALL with i(9q) as one of the cytogenetic aberration at diagnosis. Case 1 patient was given standard treatment protocol and complete remission was achieved at the end of induction phase II therapy andCase 2 was a newly diagnosed case and was planned for standard BFM 90 chemotherapy. Theearly remissionis indicative of a favorable outcome in such cases.
Keywords: B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia; FISH; Isochromosome
Abbreviations
B-ALL: B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia; FISH: Fluorescent in situ Hybridization.
Introduction
The role of cytogenetics in determining the biologic basis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is widely recognized [1,2]. The non-random chromosome abnormalities recognized by cytogenetics have an important role in identifying causative mechanisms leading to ALL, determining the prognosis and in designing an appropriate therapeutic regimen [3]. Isochromosomes are uncommon structural chromosomal aberrations observed in 9% acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases [4]. The most frequent isochromosomal changes arei(6p), i(7q), i(9q), and i(17q). Isochromosome 9q occurs in 0.6% of patients [5]. It is known to be commonly associated with late-stage disease; it has rarely been reported at diagnosis in hematological malignancies hence, the impact of isochromosome 9q on prognosisis not well understood. Here wepresent tworare cases of B-ALL with i(9) (q10) referred to Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai and their clinical outcome.
Clinical Cases
Case 1
A twenty-eight-year old male patient with complaints of fever, weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetiteand two episodes of vomiting in one monthduration. On examination he had lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, LMN facial palsy and involved CSF. His investigations revealed a white blood cell count of 18.5 × 109/L, platelet count of 23 × 109/L, and hemoglobin of 6.8 g/dL. Bone marrow wasmyeloperoxidase (MPO) negative and had a blast percentage of 95%. By flow cytometry, the blasts were CD34 (negative), CD19 (moderate), CD10 (moderate), CD45 (dimto negative), CD20 (variable), CD38 (moderate), CD56 (negative), CD73 (variable), CD86 (dim), CD123 (dim to negative), HLA-DR (variable) and CD304 (negative). He was diagnosed as pre-B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with facial palsy. For cytogenetic studies the bone marrow sample was cultured using 5 ml complete culture medium, incubated at 37°C without any mitogens and standard harvesting protocol was followed [6]. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using commercially available disease specific dual color translocation probe LSI BCR/ ABL1 t(9;22) (Zytovision, Germany), LSI PBX1/TCF3 t(1;19), LSI ETV6/RUNX1 t(12;21), LSI break apart MLL translocation probe [Vysis Abbott Molecular, Germany] and centromeric probe CEP 4,10,17 (Zytovision, Germany) was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The patient was positive for t(1;19) (q23;p13), trisomy 4 and showed evidence of 3 copies of ABL1 allele which was further confirmed as i(9)(q10)by metaphase FISH (Figures 1 and 2). Ploidy analysis revealed hyperdiploidy (chromosome no 47) in 20% cells and diploidy in 80% cells. For treatment standard BFM 90 therapyprotocol was followed and at the end of induction phase IIpatient was in complete remission. Bone marrow was normocellular with no excess of blasts, a white blood cell count of 4.8 × 109/L, platelet count of 200 × 109/L, hemoglobin of 12.8 g/dL and cytogenetic analysis revealed all markers negative indicating cytogenetic remission as well. The patient received central nervous system chemoprophylaxis with High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) afterinduction phase II.
Figure 1: (A) BCR/ABL1 dual color fusion probe shows 2 normal BCR allele and 3copies of ABL1 allele (2 Green and 3 Red signal); (B) Dual color MLL break apart probe on interphase cells shows normal MLL allele (2 Yellow signal); (C)TCF3/PBX1dual fusion probe shows TCF3/PBX1fusion (2 Yellow signals),1 TCF3allele and 1 PBX1 allele (1 Green and 1 Red signal) (D)CEP 4 probe shows trisomy 4(3 Red signals); (E) CEP 10 probe shows 2 normal chromosome 10 (2 Red signals); (F) CEP 17 probe shows 2 normal chromosome 17 (2 Red signals).
Figure 2: Metaphase FISH using BCR/ABL1 dual color fusion probe.
Case 2
A fifty-three-year old female patient presented with generalized weakness, restricted in physically strenuous activity, no organomegaly. Her investigations revealed a white blood cell count of 2.8 × 109/L, platelet count of 346 × 109/L, and hemoglobin of 9.8 g/dL. Bone marrow was myeloperoxidase (MPO) negative and had a blast percentage of 91%. By flow cytometry, the blasts were CD34 (variable), CD19 (moderate), CD10 (Mod-Bri), CD45 (dim to negative), CD20 (Moddim), CD38 (moderate), CD56 (negative), CD73 (Bri in subset), CD86 (Subset), CD123 (Bright), HLA-DR (Mod-Bri) and CD304 (Bright). She was diagnosed as pre-B-ALL. Cytogenetic analysis revealed duplication of long arm of chromosome 1 i.e. 1q25.2 along with i(9) (q10) (Figure 3). BFM 90 therapy was planned.
Figure 3: G-banded karyotype of the patient- 46, XX, dup(1)(q25.2),i(9)(q10).
Discussion
Nonrandom chromosomal aberrations have important prognostic significance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Among the nonrandom chromosomal aberrations isochromosome have been observed in 9% of ALL patients. The occurrence of i(9) (q10) in newly diagnosed ALL isuncommon (0.6%–1%) and its clinical characteristics have little understanding. It has been reported that i(9)(q10) is usually associated with the late-stage disease, more likely to be in patients older than 10 years and to have a pre-B immunophenotype[5]. It is found associated with other non-random chromosomal abnormalities including t(1;19)(q23;p13) (involving the PBX and E2A genes), t(9;22)(q34;q11)(involving fusion of the BCR and ABL genes)and few cases of Down syndrome [5,7]. Central nervous system (CNS) leukemia and presence of mediastinal mass has been reported in few cases. In studies evaluating the characteristic features of isochromosome i(9)(q10) with presence of nonrandom abnormalities majority of cases had a favorable outcome i.e. they were in remission at 3+ to 86+ months but it is not clear whether the isochromosome represented a primary or secondary chromosomal change. The i(9)(q10) can be well recognized by loss of 9p and gain of 9q that could contribute to development or proliferation of leukemic blasts in these cases [8]. The deletion of the interferon-α or β1 gene, localized to the 9p22 region, and the overexpression of the ABL protooncogene, localized at 9q34, have each been suggested as playing a role in the malignant proliferation of leukemia [9].
Conclusion
Cytogenetic studies proved to be an efficient technique in detecting the prevalence of rare, high prognostic significantstructural and non-random chromosomal abnormalities in leukemia cells. In addition to the unusual presentation of disease, remission was achieved by induction therapy, supporting the literature that i(9) (q10) has a favorable outcome in B-ALL. It was not clear whether the isochromosome represented a primary or secondary chromosomal change, thus continued understanding of the relationship between cytogenetic abnormalities and clinical outcome will leadto improved risk stratification and better disease management.
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