Research Article, Res Rep Math Vol: 2 Issue: 2

Generalized Hybrid Block Method for Solving Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations Directly

Kuboye JO^1*, Omar Z², Abolarin OE¹ and Abdelrahim R³

¹Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Federal University Oye- Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria

²Department of Mathematics, School of Quantitative Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Malaysia

³Al Jouf University, Saudi Arabia

*Corresponding Author : Kuboye JO
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria
Tel: (234) 8165396888
E-mail: kubbysholly2007@gmail.com

Received: August 18, 2017 Accepted: March 09, 2017 Published: February 23, 2018

Citation: Kuboye JO, Omar Z, Abolarin OE, Abdelrahim R (2018) Generalized Hybrid Block Method for Solving Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations Directly. Res Rep Math 2:2

Abstract

Keywords: Power series; Interpolation; Collocation; Hybrid points; Block method; Second order ordinary differential equations

Introduction

In this paper, the numerical technique for solving directly second order initial value problems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of the form

(1)

is examined. The reduction of (1) to a system of first order ODEs is associated with the following setbacks which include lot of shuman efforts and many functions to be evaluated per iteration which may jeopardize the accuracy of the method as discussed in Lambert, Fatunla, Brugnano and Trigiante, Awoyemi and Jator [1-5]. The introduction of specific hybrid points between grid points has been considered in the development of numerical methods for solving ODEs directly by some scholars namely Kayode and Adeyeye, Odejide and Adeniran, Sagir, Yap, Ismail and Senu amongst others [6-9].

In order to bring improvement on numerical methods, this article discusses the derivation of a three–step block method with three generalised hybrid points for the solution of (1) directly.

Also in examining the accuracy of the new method and for the purpose of comparison with some existing methods, a specific hybrid point is selected.

Derivation of the Method

In developing this method, power series of the form

(2)

Is considered as an approximate solution to Eq. (1), where k=3. Eq. (3) is derived by differentiating Eq. (2) twice to give

(3)

Interpolating Eq.(2) at x=x=_n+i, i=0,1 and collocating (3) at x=x=_n+m, m=0,v,1, (v+1),2, (v+2), 3. where 0<v<1. These equations are then combined to give a nonlinear system of equations of the form

AX=B (4)

Where

Gaussian elimination technique is used in finding the values of aj’s in (4) which are then substituted into (2) to produce a continuous implicit scheme of the form

(5)

α₀(t)=(-t-1)

α₁(t)=(t+2)

In deriving the discrete schemes, Eq. (5) is evaluated at the non-interpolating points, i.e. at x=x_n+m, m=v, (v+1),2, (v+2),3 while the derivative of the scheme is derived by evaluating the derivative of (5) at all the grid points, i.e. at x=x_n+m, m=0,v,1 (v+1),2, (v+2),3. This discrete scheme and its derivative at point x_n are combined in a matrix form

(6)

Where

and U, U⁰, U¹, W, W¹ are nxn matrices. Therefore, the inverse of U is multiplied by (6) and this yield the block method (7)

(7)

Where

The derivative of the generalized hybrid block (7) gives

Where

When This produces the block with its derivative

Test Problems

The following second order initial value problems of ODEs are considered in order to examine the accuracy of the new developed method.

Problem 1: y”-100y=0, y(0)=1, y’(0)=-10, h=0.01

Exact Solution: y(x)=e^-10x

Problem 2:

Exact Solution:

Problem 3: y”= y’, y(0)=0, y’(0)=-1, h=0.01

Exact Solution: y(x)=1-e^x

Discussion of Result

It is apparent in Tables 1 and 2 that the results of the new hybrid block method k=3 outperform Awari et al. [10] k=6, Awari and Abada [11] k=7, Kuboye (2015) k=6 and Adeniyi and Alabi [12] k=6 for solving Problems 1 and 2 despite the high step-lengths k involved in these methods. Furthermore, in Table 3, the results of the new block method k=3 are better when compared with Kuboye et al. [13] k=5, Mohammed and Adeniyi [14] k=5 and Mohammed [15] k=5 for solving Problem 2.

Table 1: Comparison of the New Hybrid Block Method with Uniform Accurate Block Integrators (Awari et al., 2014) and Zero Stable Continuous Block Method (Awari & Abada, 2014) for Solving Problem 1.

Table 2: Comparison of the New Hybrid Block Method with Block Method (Kuboye, 2015), Numerical Methods (Adeniyi & Alabi, 2011) where two Continuous Collocation Methods for k=6 were considered for Solving Problem 2.

Table 3: Comparison of the New Hybrid Block Method with Block Method (Kuboye, 2015), Block Hybrid Backward Difference Formula (Mohammed & Adeniyi, 2014) and Block Method (Mohammed, 2011) for Solving Problem 3.

Conclusion

The derivation of block method with three generalised hybrid points through interpolation and collocation approach for solving second order initial value problems of ODEs has been examined in this paper. In order to compare the new developed method with the existing ones, a specific hybrid point was selected and the results generated compared favourably with existing methods in terms of accuracy. These are evidently shown in Tables 1-3.

References

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