Review Article,  J Nucl Ene Sci Power Generat Vol: 11 Issue: 6

Different Techniques for Generation of Electric Power Using Nuclear Energy

Mukesh Kumar^1*, Neeraj Kaushik² and Deepak Singh³

¹Department of Physics, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India

²Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Uttar Pradesh, India

³Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Sanskriti University,Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author: Mukesh KumarDepartment of Physics, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India; E-mail: mukesh.kumar@sgtuniversity.org

Received date: 09 February, 2022, Manuscript No. JNPGT-22-46967;
Editor assigned date: 11 February, 2022, PreQC No. JNPGT-22-46967 (PQ);
Reviewed date: 25 February, 2022, QC No. JNPGT-22-46967;
Revised date: 13 April 2022, Manuscript No. JNPGT-22-46967 (R);
Published date: 28 April 2022, DOI: 10.4172/2325-9809.1000282

Citation: Mukesh K, Neeraj K, Deepak S (2022) Different Techniques for Generation of Electric Power Using Nuclear Energy. J Nucl Ene Sci Power Generat Technol 11:6.

Abstract

Keywords: Electric; Energy; Electricity; Efficiency; Generation

Introduction

Nuclear energy, also known as atomic energy, is the tremendous amount of energy produced by operations on atomic nucleus, the dense centers of atoms. It differs with the power of other atomic processes, such as conventional chemical reactions, which rely only on the orbiting electron of the molecules. Regulated fission process in reactors, which are presently utilized to produce electricity in many parts of the world, is single technique of generating nuclear energy.

Managed nuclear fusion, another method for producing nuclear energy, has showed promise but will not be achieved by 2020. Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission have both produced enormous quantities of nuclear energy. Also see nuclear power. In nuclear fission, the core of an atomic, including such uranium and plutonium, divides into two tiny nuclei of approximately equal weight. Under some conditions, excitement of the nuclei by an atomic mass (e.g. neutron, protons, deuterons, or α particle) or magnetic radiation in the shape of γ rays may allow the process to proceed spontaneously. A significant amount of power is used. Radioactive compounds are generated, and many neutrons are ejected during the division process. These neutron can cause splitting in a fissile materials nucleus nearby, releasing there are extra neutrons may repeat the process, culminating in the case of a chains response a significant Nuclear fusion frequency of nucleus and a significant amount of energy is produced. A chain of events like this may provide energy to civilization if it is controlled in a nuclear reactor. If allowed uncontrollable, as with the so atomic weapon, it may end in a huge catastrophic explosion. Nuclear power plants produce steam by heating the water. The steam is used to generate electrical energy by rotating enormous turbines. In atomic power plants, the heat generated by nuclear fission is utilized to heat water [1].

Nuclear energy is an efficient and safe a method of generating steam that is subsequently used to power turbines and produce electricity. Nuclear power plants utilize fission, or the splitting of fission in a nuclear reactor, to produce electricity from low-enriched uranium fuel. To produce uranium fuel, small, ceramic particles pellets are placed into vertical pipes that are long. This gasoline is sold in bunches. Loaded into the reactor a ton of coke, two gallons 17,000 square meters of oil, or 17,000 gallons of gasoline pure gases are all the same as one uranium pellet, which is approximately the pencil eraser's diameter. Each natural uranium pellet has the potential to heat a house for up to 5 years. Since Uranium is 1 of the most plentiful metals on the planet and it may be used in a variety of applications. Last for many generations as a source of fuel for industrial nuclear plants. Nuclear power offers a lot of environmental benefits as well. There are no combustion by-products generated by power plants since they do not burn any materials [2].

Nuclear power plants also contribute to air quality preservation and climate change mitigation by not releasing greenhouse gases. In term of efficiency and dependability, no other source of energy compares to nuclear. Nuclear energy facilities have the ability to produce huge amounts of electricity, round-the-clock electricity without interruption for many months at a time. Nuclear power produces approximately about 20% of the world's power is generated by 10% of the globe's electricity. Power used for the United States. In 30 countries across the world, a sum of 440 nuclear power stations are in operations for the production of power GE and Hitachi have been at the forefront of nuclear energy technologies for decades, establishing technical standards for reactors architecture and installation while also assisting utilities. Clients in safely and reliably running their plants.

Electric power is energy that is created by converting mechanical, thermal, or biochemical energy into electricity. For many purposes, such as lighting, computers operation, motor power, and entertainment, electric energy is unmatched. Other applications, such as numerous industrial heating applications, cooking, heating systems, and rail traction, are competitive. Current, or the movement of electric charge, and voltage, or the capacity of charge to provide energy, are the two characteristics of electric power. Any combination of current or voltage values may generate a given amount of power [3]. The need for additional energy in today's society seems to be growing at an exponential rate. Power is required by both homes and businesses. Simultaneously, current energy-production technologies are confronted with new challenges.

As a result of this growth, new energy generation techniques must be developed to replace existing ones [4]. Other manufacturing techniques are in commercial use, including the potential nuclear fission power. Renewable energy and other possible dispersed generating sources are being more widely used throughout the globe. Wind energy, solar energy, and hydroelectric power in its many forms are all examples of renewable energy. are examples of these kinds of energy sources, which frequently depend on the weather or environment to function properly [5].

These new energy sources offer undeniable benefits over traditional energy sources. They offer new difficulties at the same time. Traditional techniques' output may be easily adjusted to meet power demands. Because modern energy sources depend more directly on harnessing nature's power, their peak load outputs may not be as high. Be sufficient to meet demand. In quarterly or even yearly cycles, they may display significant variations in power output. Demand may also change on a monthly or yearly basis. As a result, battery technology is a critical element in making these new sources fully dependable as main energy sources. Essentially, when extra energy is generated from these sources, it must be stored and then launched after manufacturing levels have reached a certain level fall below the necessary demand. As a result, technologies for energy store are a critical component of a dependable and efficient renewable and distributed generating system [6]. Other factors need large-scale energy storage. It can also improve the network's ability to withstand demands. Spikes, based on how storage is dispersed. Keeping energy in reserve enables sharing and transmitting systems to run at maximum capability, reducing the need for more recent or updated lines and improving plant efficiency. Voltage peaks and sags with tiny peak and sags may be smoothed down by storing energy for shorter periods of time [7].

Energy storage, particularly on a greater scale than before, is obviously required. The electrochemical cell, for example, is a traditional energy storage method, may not be suitable to complex networks, and their efficiency may be inadequate. In the meanwhile, many innovative and promising techniques are being developed. Some are based on historical ideas that have been adapted to contemporary energy storage, while others are whole new concepts. Several are greater than others. Developed than others, but the majority may be enhanced further.

This paper gives an outline of the most important energy storage technologies. Technologies that are now available or under development. Clearly, the technology and underlying concepts for each storage technique may differ considerably, broadening the range of energy storage solutions accessible. As a result, each method's optimum application environment and power storage size may vary significantly. While one storage technique may be excellent for smoothing out yearly variations, another may be appropriate for meeting extremely brief peak power needs. Finally, when appropriate, comparisons are made between the various techniques in order to give a fundamental knowledge of the distinctions between each technology.

Flywheel storage system

A flywheel is a spinning mechanical device that stores rotational energy that may be accessed at any time. A flywheel, at its most basic level, has a rotating mass in the centre driven by an engine, and when energy released, required, the spinning momentum while driving a turbine-like device to generate energy decreasing the rotational speed once a flywheel has been replenished, the motor is utilized to increase its spinning speed again. Flywheel technology offers a number of advantages that will help us enhance our existing power system. A flywheel can collect energy from unreliable sources of energy throughout time and provide an uninterrupted supply of electricity to the grid.

Flywheels may also react quickly to grid signals, allowing for frequency control and improved power quality. Flywheels are typically constructed of steel and spin on standard bearings, which are restricted to a few thousand revolutions per minute. More sophisticated the architectures of flywheels are diverse. composed of carbon fibre composites, kept in vacuums to minimize drag, and rotate at speeds up to 60,000 RPM using magnetic levitation rather than traditional bearings.

Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS) use kinetic energy stored in a spinning mass to store the power with minimal frictional losses. In a combined motor-generator, electric energy is utilized to accelerate the mass. The source of the energy is utilizing the same motor-generator to reduce kinetic energy. The quantity of energy retained is equal to the amount of space available. inertia times the angular velocity squared of the item. The flywheel should spin at the fastest feasible speed to maximize the power ratio. While denser metals store greater energy, they are also more difficult to work with. Also much more vulnerable to centrifugal forces and may fail at slower rotation speeds than low-density materials. As a consequence, material density is less important than tensile strength. Steel low-speed flywheels rotate at rates of up to 10,000 rotations per minute.

Advanced FESS utilizes four important characteristics to provide appealing great efficiency, and high energy density minimal standby losses (during time periods ranging from a few minutes to many hours):

• A rotating mass composed of high-strength-to-weight-ratio fiber glass resins or polymer materials
• A mass that reduces aerodynamic drag by working in vacuum.
• A mass that spins at a high frequency
• To manage high rotating speeds, air or magnet suppressor bearing technology is used. FESS with a rotational speed isRPMs of above 100,000 and tips velocities of over 1000 m/s are considered advanced. FESS are excellent for applications that need a lot of cycles and require a lot of power.

They also offer a number of benefits regarding the storage of chemical energy. They have a high power density and are easy to work with. A long lifespan, allowing them to be cycled repeatedly without losing performance. They also feature lightning-quick reaction and ramp times. They may even move In a couple of seconds, you may go from full discharged to complete the charge. FESSES (Flywheel Energy Storage Systems) are becoming more significant in applications that need a lot of energy yet use very little energy. They're particularly appealing for applications that need frequent cycling since they only have a small life decrease when used often (i.e. they can withstand many partial and complete charge-discharge cycles with little damage). FESS are particularly well-suited to situations like power supply power quality and dependability, ride-through when gen-sets begin to provide longer-term backups, area controlling, rapid area control, and frequencies responsiveness. When it comes to hybrids cars that stop and start, often, FESS may be helpful as part of path or on-board regeneration brake systems. Figure 1 may help you comprehend the situation better.

System for storing batteries

Storage batteries store energy and may be recharged using electrochemical devices. Electrochemical processes generate chemical energy, which they convert into electric energy. These processes whenever a load is attached to the cell's connections, are activated within a between two electrodes, fundamental cell immersed in electrolytes. In this process, electrons are transported from one electrode to another via an outside electric circuit/load. A battery is selected based on the necessary power and capability of the outputs. Is made up of one or more cells linked in series, parallel, or both. Each cell in is made up of the following components:

• The anode, also known as the negative electrode, is the source of electrons for throughout in the electrolytic process, the charge is oxide process.
• The positive electrode, or cathode, which receives electron and is decreased throughout the process.
• The electrolyte is the medium via which electrons are transferred from the anode to the cathode. Separators for electrical insulation among positive and negatives electrode

Traditional storage batteries are divided into three categories. There are three kinds of batteries: lead-acid battery packs, nickel based battery packs, and lithium based batteries. Those are widely used today.

Lead acid batteries

The most common kind of battery is the lead acid battery. Lead acid batteries, despite their low energy efficiency, lack of efficient and high maintenance requirements, have a long lifetime and a low cost in comparison to other kinds of batteries. Because lead acid batteries For the majority of recharging uses, are the most frequently utilized type of cell (such as starting car engines), they want well, mature technical basis.

Lithium-ion battery

Lithium ions are moving away from the negatively electrodes to the positive electrode via an electrolytes during discharging and then back during charging in a lithium-ion battery, also known as a Li-ion battery. A lithium-ion battery's positive electrode is typically composed of an interpenetrating lithium alloy, whereas the electrode potential is usually formed of graphite.

Nickel-based batteries

Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd), Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH), and Nickel-Zinc (NiZn) batteries are the most common nickel-based batteries. Nickel hydroxide is used for the positive electrode and a potassium hydroxide water solution with lithium hydroxide is utilized for the electrolyte in all three kinds. The NiCd type utilizes cadmium hydroxide as the negative electrode, whereas the NiMH uses an iron alloy and the NiZn uses zinc hydroxide. Alkaline batteries have a rated voltage of 1.2 V (1.65 V for NiZn type) and often have greater peakenergy density than lead-acid batteries. NiCd values are typically 50 Wh/kg, NiMH values are 80 Wh/kg, and NiZn values are 60 Wh/kg. NiCd batteries have a longer typical operating life and cycle life than lead–acid batteries.

Supercapacitor storage technologies

A Super Capacitor (SC), sometimes called an ultra-capacitor is a high-capacity capacitor that bridges the gap between electrolyte and rechargeable capacitors by having a capacitor value considerably greater than regular capacitors yet with fewer voltage limitations. It can store tens to hundreds of times more energy per unit of volume as electrolytic capacitor, receive and transfer charge much quicker than batteries, and withstand much greater recharge cycles than reusable batteries. Instead of long-term compact energy storage, super capacitors are utilized in cars, buses, trains, crane, and elevators for regeneration braking, short-term power storage, or burst-mode accessible power. For static random-access memory, smaller units are utilized as a power backup (SRAM).

Materials and Methods

Expert discussed the future of nuclear-generated Hydrogen (H₂) in their study. Assuming that expense nuclear hydrogen H₂ can be generated, and hydrogen production may become the main the usage of nuclear energy, laying the groundwork for either a nuclear-H₂ regenerative society or a nuclear-H₂ renewable transportation system, according to the authors. As a result, Fundamental physical limitations indicate that H₂ may eventually be atomic power's main output reactors, rather than electricity. Electricity's properties enable it to be generated cheaply at a variety of scales, allowing for the application of a variety of technologies. The features of H₂ generation and storage, on the other hand, encourage big facilities that are similar to those of nuclear energy. Because nuclear H₂ offers a way to store energy and therefore balance production of variable energy It could be the enabling innovation due of the need for a nuclear-H₂ renewables future its variable energy usage. Similarly, since H₂ is required in nearly all transportation scenarios, nuclear H₂ may represent the transportation future [8].

Experts conducted a study by using tremendous deployment of sustainable technologies for energy production, it is only logical that storage would play a significant role in power networks for a quantitative approach to determining the best technology or combination of technology for various applications. The many comparisons based on various features set this study apart from others on energy storage technologies. To begin, the many energy storage methods that have been explored in the research are explained and contrasted. The technologies' features are described, as well as their present availability. The availability of resources is compared to maturity level in order to get a better understanding. In addition, data such as ratings, energy density, durability, and prices are presented in a tabular and graphic style for easy comparison. The many electric grid uses of energy storage systems are also explained and classified. As a result, Energy storage devices may offer a number of services to the network. These services encompass both energy and auxiliary services and may be used for bulk or distributed storage as well as ensuring power quality. Load leveling, peak shaving, valley trying to fill, the above, spinning reserve, power performance, investment deferral, due to the infrequent nature mitigation, end applications, demand corner control, reducing losses, backstop services, black begin, and region management are all examples of load leveling, peak shaving, valley filling, the above, rotating reserve, power performance, investment delay, due to the infrequent nature mitigation, end applications, demand corner control, loss reduction, contingency service, dark start, are among them, as mentioned above. Several types of connection may be utilized to offer these services. There is, however, an issue with energy storage [9].

Experts conducted a study by using the Toda Yamamoto causality and wavelet coherence tests to evaluate the causal connection among nuclear energy consumption and economic development in the United Kingdom, with the goal of answering the relevant inquiries:

• Does nuclear energy in the United Kingdom, consumerism fueled economic development. Does economic growth lead to nuclear energy usage
• Does Economic development causes fluctuations in nuclear energy use in the United Kingdom on a regular basis, particularly in the long term, and in different times between 1998 and 2017, according to wavelet coherence results.

Furthermore, between 2002 and 2006, there was a short-term positive connection between nuclear energy use and economic development. The findings from wavelet coherence are also checked for consistency in this research, which is verified by the results of the Toda Yamamoto causality test. As a result, policymakers and academics in this area are likely to be interested in the current study. Simultaneously, it is likely to spark a fresh discussion [10].

Experts conducted a study that energy is without a doubt the most important factor in a country's for long-term economic development. Turkey relies on energy at a rate of around 75% nowadays. Due to its limited resources, the nation can satisfy roughly half of its entire power demand. Turkey has spent almost half a trillion dollars on energy during the last ten years. The international reserve assets of Turkey's central bank, on the other hand, were valued at 93 billion dollars in November 2018. New nuclear plants are being built and planned to reduce the country's energy dependence, especially in terms of electricity production. Nuclear power is one of the most recent and widely used sources of energy. Contentious topics in the nation. As a result, the emphasis of this research was on the potential outcomes of switching to nuclear energy in the nation, such as dioxide emissions, radiation doses, energy consumption, economic development, and so on. In addition, once the nuclear facilities are operational in Turkey, this research predicts new proportions of energy production from new sources [11].

Result and Discussion

Atomic power is a safe and efficient way to produce steam that is then used to power turbines. Fissile material, or the splitting of uranium atoms in a nuclear fusion reactor, is used in nuclear power reactors to produce electricity utilizing low-enriched uranium. To produce uranium fuel, small, resilient ceramic pellets are put into long, vertical tubes. Packs of this fuel are put in the reactor. A single uranium pellet, roughly the size of a pencils eraser, has as much energy as a ton of coal, two barrel of oil, or 17,000 sq m of natural gas. Each single uranium pellet may offer three to 5 years of heat for power production. And, since uranium is one of the very plentiful metals on the earth, it can last for decades as a source of fuel for industrial nuclear reactors. Nuclear power also offers a variety of environmental advantages. Since energy generators do not consume any materials, no combustion by-products are produced. Nuclear reactors also help to air quality preservation and climate change mitigation since they do not produce greenhouse gases.

Neither any energy source compares to nuclear in terms of usefulness and reliability. Nuclear reactors can generate huge amounts of electricity on a continuous basis, for weeks at a time, around the clock. Nuclear power produces about 10% of the world’s electric power and 10% of the country's energy. There are 440 nuclear reactors in use in 30 nations across the world. For decades, GE and Hitachi has been at the front of nuclear innovation, establishing industry standards for reactor construction and helping utilities clients in operating reactors securely and efficiently operating their facilities.

Nuclear power is defined as the usages of nuclear processes to generate energy. Nuclear energy may be obtained via nuclear split, nuclear decay, or nuclear fusion. Nuclear power plants currently supply the vast majority of the energy produced by uranium and plutonium fission. Nuclear decay is used in specific applications such as radioactive renewable sources in spacecrafts like as the Voyager 2. Worldwide research continues to focus on fusion power as a source of energy. Civil nuclear power produced in 2019, there will be 2,586 Terawatt Hours (TWh), accounting for almost 10 percentage of global energy output and making it the second-largest decreased power source after hydro power. There are 444 civilian fission reactors in operation throughout the globe as of September 2021, with a total electric capacity of 396 Gigawatts (GW). Another 53 atomic energy reactors are now under development, with a total capacity between 60 Gbps and 103 GW. With an efficiency factor of 92%, the United States boasts the world's biggest network of nuclear reactors, producing approximately 800 TWh of zero-emissions energy each year. The bulk of reactors under construction in Asia are generation III reactors.

In comparison to others forms of Nuclear energy has one of the lower mortality rates per units of energy generated of any energy source. Because of air pollution and accidents, coal, gasoline, oil and gas, and hydroelectric have all resulted in a higher number of fatalities every unit of energy Nuclear power has grown in popularity since its commercialisation in the 1970s. Saved about 1.84 million fatalities from air pollution and the release of approximately there are 64 million tons of CO2 in the atmosphere could have occurred from fossil fuel combustion. The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe in the Soviet Union, the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan, and the 1979 Three Mile Island tragedy in the United States are all examples of nuclear disasters are all examples of nuclear power plant disasters. Right present, atomic energy is a hot topic. Nuclear power, as according supporters for example, the World Energy Union and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy, is a safe, ecological energy source that lowers carbon emissions. Nuclear power, according to Amnesty and the Nucl Info and Analysis Service (NIRS), presents many risks to humans and the ecosystem.

Conclusion

The fundamental features of three main power storage technologies are examined in this article. The technology of lead acid and nickel cadmium batteries is compared to flywheel storage technology. The difference between traditional flywheel technology (with steel rotor) and battery technology is obvious. Despite the fact that traditional flywheel technology has a considerably longer a storage application with a long cycling life and therefore many charge-discharge cycles, the much greater for huge flywheels, the self-discharge rate is still prohibitive. Adoption Unlike cells, conventional flywheel technique may be used for large power density storing purposes, while battery packs are only suited for high energy storage. The innovative composites rotor spinning technology is a game-changer., on the other hand, offers greater energy densities similar to those obtained with batteries.

Finally, when it comes to investment costs, flywheel technology is more expensive than conventional battery technologies like lead-acid or copper batteries since the technology is still in its initial phases of development. Battery technology is clearly the dominating technology to employ where continuous energy supply is critical, while flywheel and super capacitor technologies are best suited to energy storage applications and when very short power supply is needed, such as in uninterrupted power supply needs. Lithium-ion batteries are becoming more common, and they provide a number of older lead-acid cells have a number of benefits over lithium ion cells. In respect of dependability and cost of investment, fuel cell performance is steadily improving, and some types (for example, SOFCs) may reach very high efficiency in heat and power chp (CHP) applications. However, the high-cost hydrogen generation and storage procedures will continue to limit fuel cell use in the future. Finally, CAES and pumped storage High-power, high producing application in the transmission system are ideally suited to technology.

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