Mini Review, J Phys Res Appl Vol: 8 Issue: 2

Dark Matter is Mathematical Fiction

David Rowland^*

¹Independent Researcher, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

*Corresponding Author: David Rowland,
Independent Researcher, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
E-mail: david222@hush.com

Received date: 02 July, 2024, Manuscript No. JPRA-24-140432;

Editor assigned date: 04 July, 2024, PreQC No. JPRA-24-140432 (PQ);

Reviewed date: 19 July, 2024, QC No. JPRA-24-140432;

Revised date: 26 July, 2024, Manuscript No. JPRA-24-140432 (R);

Published date: 02 August, 2024 DOI: 10.4172/JPRA.1000111.

Citation: Rowland D (2024) Dark Matter is Mathematical Fiction. J Phys Res Appl 8:2.

Abstract

Keywords: Dark matter; Mathematical fiction; Gravitation; Universe

Introduction

Dark matter is hypothetical matter that allegedly suffuses the entire universe and fills the dark spaces between stars and galaxies. It is inferred to exist only because of a falsely presumed gravitational pull it appears to have on visible matter. Dark matter has none of the properties of visible matter nor any properties whatsoever for the simple reason that dark matter does not exist [1,2].

The fatal redshift error

In 1915, astronomer Vesto Slipher observed that light from some spiral nebulae is redshifted and falsely presumed he was witnessing a light source rapidly moving away from the observer and somehow stretching the wavelength of light it emits. Slipher did not understand how light attenuates and mistakenly believed he was witnessing a Doppler effect. This is the fundamental error that permeates mainstream astrophysics [3].

Redshift and Doppler are two fundamentally different phenomena. Redshift applies to light. Doppler applies to sound. In redshift there is an actual increase in wavelength. In Doppler there is only the illusion of a change in wavelength. To presume that they are the same Doppler-redshift is rather like referring to a line in geometry as a straight-curve.

Light waves are transverse (i.e. oscillate perpendicular to their path) and do not require any medium through which to travel. Sound waves are longitudinal (i.e., vibrate parallel to their path) and can only propagate by compression and rarefaction of the medium through which they travel (e.g. air, water, solids). Because there is no medium in space, the Doppler Effect is impossibility [3].

The further light travels over extreme distances, the greater degree to which its frequency slowly diminishes as its wavelength correspondingly increases. We observe this attenuation as a redshift, i.e., the tendency of visible light to drop toward the red end of the spectrum.

Redshift is a function of two factors: Frequency and distance. If we know the frequency of a light source, then from the lower frequency received at our point of observation we can estimate how far away that light source is.

The big bang never happened

In 1927, astronomer Georges LeMaitre published “A Homogeneous Universe of constant mass and growing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extragalactic nebulae”. LeMaitre initially called his theory the hypothesis of the primeval atom and described it as the “cosmic egg exploding at the moment of creation”. LeMaitre was a Catholic priest who felt comfortable with the notion that God had created the atom/egg that subsequently blew up to create the universe. Thus, what later became known as big bang theory had its origin in metaphysics [4].

The mathematics used to justify this wildly speculative hypothesis was based on the false assumption that redshift measures the velocity of a light source supposedly moving away from the observer. LeMaitre claimed to have measured velocities between Earth and each nebula in question, then applied trigonometry to estimate what the velocity would be on a vector from the Earth’s presumed origin without having the foggiest idea where or even if said origin could possibly be located. LeMaitre started with the a priori assumption that the universe had been created by a singularity that happened at some point in time and at some place in space, then developed calculations to justify his foregone conclusion. This is the logical error of circular reasoning (including the conclusion in the assumption, then using the assumption to prove the conclusion) [4].

According to big bang theory, the entire universe began from some tiny point violently exploding out pure energy that almost instantly became particles that eventually combined to form elements, molecules, gases, stars, and galaxies. In other words, the universe spontaneously created itself from nothing, a whimsical idea that defies physics. Nothing cannot be the cause of something. Aristotle expressed it this way, “The notion that there could be nothing that preceded something offends reason itself.” [4].

The universe is defined as everything that exists. Big bang theory falsely claims that the something which created the universe preexisted existence-a contradiction in terms.

Space is defined as the expanse of the universe beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Space is in the universe; the universe is not in space. Big bang theory falsely claims that the something which created the universe was located somewhere before the concept of location (i.e., in space) existed-a second contradiction in terms.

Time is defined as the continuous duration of existence as a series of events. Without existence and events, the concept of time has no meaning. Time is in the universe; the universe is not in time. Big bang theory falsely claims that there was a point in time at which time began-a third contradiction in terms.

The universe is not expanding

In 1929, Edwin Hubble presented data from which he formulated Hubble’s law, which hypothesis is considered the ultimate observational basis for expanding universe theory. Hubble selected five sets of nebulae data that supposedly demonstrated a perfect straight-line relationship between distance and presumed velocity of light source. Hubble exhibited bias by selecting data that supported his theory and rejecting data that conflicted with it [5].

To justify his foregone conclusion, Hubble falsely assumed that galaxies are accelerating away from us, and then used contrived mathematics to estimate how fast they are presumably accelerating. This is the logical error of circular reasoning (including the conclusion in the assumption, and then using the assumption to prove the conclusion) (Table 1).

Table 1: Modern estimates of distance compared to edwin hubble’s presumptions

Something is seriously wrong with Hubble’s estimates of distance (2^nd column). If we use modern estimates of distance (3^nd column) a very different picture emerges. Hubble estimated Virgo to be 3.4 times closer than it really is, and the other galaxies to be from 12 to 68 times farther away than they really are. If Hubble had used realistic estimates of distance, there would have been only random points indicating a zero correlation between distance and presumed velocity. Hubble manipulated data to produce the results he wanted [5].

In 2014, Eric Lerner and a team of astrophysicists applied the Tolman test by measuring the surface brightness (per unit area) of over 1,000 near and far galaxies. If galaxies had been moving away from each other, they would appear fainter the farther away they get, i.e., their surface brightness would diminish. Lerner’s team, however, found that in every case surface brightness remains the same regardless of distance. If any far distant galaxy had been in motion away from us, its surface brightness would have been much less than that of nearby galaxies, a phenomenon that has never been observed. Thus, there is zero evidence that galaxies are moving apart and overwhelming evidence that they are not [5].

Falsely presumed dark matter

Originally called missing mass, dark matter’s supposed existence was first inferred by Fritz Zwicky, who in 1933 discovered that the mass of all the stars in the Cosma cluster of galaxies provided only about 1% of the mass ostensibly needed to keep galaxies in motion from escaping the cluster’s gravitational pull. In 1970, astronomers Vera Rubin and W. Kent Ford supposedly confirmed dark matter’s existence by the observation of similar phenomena: The mass of the stars visible within a typical galaxy is only about 10% of that presumed to keep those stars orbiting the galaxy’s center [2].

Measurements of its apparent gravitational effects on galaxies suggest that dark matter may account for 85% of the matter in the universe and about 25% of its total energy density. Its presence is implied by supposed gravitational effects that cannot be explained by accepted theories of gravity unless more matter is present than can be seen. Evidence for dark matter comes from calculations suggesting that many galaxies would supposedly fly apart or not have formed if they did not contain a large amount of unseen matter. For this reason, dark matter is presumed to be abundant in the universe, having had a strong influence on its supposed evolution.

Dark matter is called dark because it does not interact with observable electromagnetic radiation, such as light, and is undetectable by astronomical instruments. Dark matter cannot be seen by telescopes nor detected by any other means. Light passes right through dark matter, which neither emits nor absorbs light nor any other electromagnetic energy. Dark matter does not interact with normal matter and does not participate in nuclear fusion. Dark matter does not have any properties of matter. Dark matter does not have any properties at all, because dark matter does not exist.

Conclusion

Because of a fundamental cosmological error regarding the nature of redshift, the universe has been falsely presumed to have been created by a big bang secularity. Because of fudged data by Ewin Hubble, the universe has been falsely presumed to be expanding at an accelerating rate. When evidence suggested that this alleged rate of expansion may be slowing down, it was hypothesized that there must be mysterious, invisible, undetectable dark matter imposing a gravitational effect in opposition to the universe’s supposed rate of expansion. When the redshifted error is corrected, however, we are left with the inescapable conclusions that the universe is not expanding and there is no mysterious unseen force playing tug-of-war with its falsely alleged rate of expansion. Dark matter is a mathematical diversion from the true nature of the universe.

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