Bioprocess Strategies and Characterization of Anti- Multidrug Resistant Human Pathogens Copper/Copper Oxide Nanoparticles from Citrus Peel Waste Extracts

Bioprocess Strategies and Characterization of Anti- Multidrug Resistant Human Pathogens Copper/Copper Oxide Nanoparticles from Citrus Peel Waste Extracts

In this work the nanostructure (characterized by TEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR and UV–vis spectrophotometer) and antimicrobial properties of Cu/CuO NPs bio-fabricated from citrus peel wastes (mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata),orange (Citrus sinensis) and lemon (Citrus limon) ) by a very simple technique were briefly studied. Preparation of the citrus peels and extraction of the active compound by using different methods were optimized and analyzed. Statistical experimental design methods (Plackett-Burman method followed by Taguchi robust method) for optimization of the bio-fabrication reaction parameters for biosynthesis of Cu/CuO NPs from orange peel waste extract were also studied. The final Cu/CuO NPs biosynthesis can be increased (7 and 25 times larger than basal reaction condition) through the Plackett-Burman and the Taguchi robust method approaches respectively. Based upon nanostructure characters and antimicrobial activity of these NPs against some human pathogenic bacteria (Klebsiella pnemoniae, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Campylobacter jejuni); the optimized inhibitory concentration was 60 μg/ml of 10 nm spherical Cu/CuO NPs. The MIC and MBC values of Cu/CuO NPs against Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae were found in the range of 5-10 μg/ml and 5-15 μg/ml, respectively, indicating very well bacteriostatic (represented by the MIC) and bactericidal activity (represented by MBC). The Cu/CuO NPs biosynthesized by using this process has the efficient antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria, so these nanoparticles will play a major role in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine.