Perspective, J Clin Exp Oncol Vol: 13 Issue: 2

Assessing the Impact of Colorectal Cancer and Its Diagnosis

Helen Jawern^*

¹Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

*Corresponding Author: Helen Jawern,
Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
E-mail: helen_jawern@uc21.uk

Received date: 25 March, 2024, Manuscript No. JCEOG-24-136963;

Editor assigned date: 27 March, 2024, PreQC No. JCEOG-24-136963 (PQ);

Reviewed date: 10 April, 2024, QC No. JCEOG-24-136963;

Revised date: 17 April, 2024, Manuscript No. JCEOG-24-136963 (R);

Published date: 24 April, 2024, DOI: 10.4172/2324-9110.1000399

Citation: Jawern H (2024) Assessing the Impact of Colorectal Cancer and Its Diagnosis. J Clin Exp Oncol 13:2.

Description

Colorectal cancer, one of the most common malignancies worldwide, significantly impacts patients, healthcare systems, and societies at large. Understanding its effects and the importance of timely diagnosis is vital for improving outcomes and quality of life for those affected. It explores the clinical and societal impact of colorectal cancer and the advancements in diagnostic techniques that are pivotal in combating this disease. Colorectal cancer originates in the colon or rectum and can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the tumor's location and stage. Early-stage colorectal cancer often presents with subtle symptoms, such as changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, and abdominal discomfort. As the disease progresses, symptoms can become more severe and include significant weight loss, persistent pain, and anemia due to chronic blood loss. The severity of symptoms and their progression can significantly affect a patient's quality of life, making early detection and diagnosis essential.

Advanced colorectal cancer may metastasize to other organs, most commonly the liver and lungs, leading to further complications. The physical impact of the disease is often compounded by the psychological impact, with many patients experiencing anxiety, depression, and fear about their prognosis and the potential for recurrence. The societal impact of colorectal cancer is profound. As one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally, it places a significant burden on healthcare systems. The costs associated with treating colorectal cancer are substantial, encompassing not only direct medical expenses but also indirect costs such as lost productivity, long-term disability, and the economic burden on caregivers. In many countries, colorectal cancer screening programs are implemented to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with the disease.

These programs aim to detect precancerous polyps or early-stage cancers in asymptomatic individuals, thereby facilitating earlier intervention and better outcomes. However, the success of these programs varies based on factors such as public awareness, accessibility, and adherence to screening recommendations. The diagnosis of colorectal cancer involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. A thorough medical history and physical examination are the first steps in the diagnostic process, often followed by more specific tests to confirm the presence of cancer and determine its stage. Colonoscopy is the highest standard for diagnosing colorectal cancer. This procedure involves the insertion of a flexible tube with a camera into the colon and rectum, allowing for direct visualization and biopsy of suspicious lesions. Colonoscopy not only helps in diagnosing cancer but also enables the removal of polyps that may potentially become cancerous, thereby serving a dual role in diagnosis and prevention.

Imaging techniques such as Computed Tomography (CT) colonography also known as virtual colonoscopy, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are valuable tools in the diagnostic arsenal. These non-invasive techniques provide detailed images of the colon and surrounding tissues, helping to identify tumors and assess their spread. CT scans are particularly useful for staging the disease and guiding treatment planning. Stool-based tests, including the Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) and the stool DNA test, are non-invasive screening methods that detect blood or genetic markers associated with colorectal cancer. These tests are convenient and accessible, making them suitable for widespread screening efforts. Positive results from stool-based tests typically necessitate follow-up with a colonoscopy for definitive diagnosis.

Advancements in molecular biology have led to the development of biomarker tests that provide insights into the genetic and molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer. These tests can identify specific mutations and alterations in cancer cells, aiding in the selection of targeted therapies and personalized treatment plans. For example, the presence of KRAS or BRAF mutations can influence the choice of chemotherapy or targeted agents. The definitive diagnosis of colorectal cancer is confirmed through histopathological examination of biopsy samples obtained during colonoscopy or surgery. Pathologists examine the tissue under a microscope to identify cancer cells and determine the grade and stage of the tumor. This information is essential for prognostication and treatment planning.