Perspective,  J Clin Exp Oncol Vol: 13 Issue: 5

Analysing Colorectal Cancer Screening Methods and the Significance of Early Detection

Iguchi Takeshi^*

¹Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Japan

*Corresponding Author: Iguchi Takeshi,
Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Japan
E-mail: iguchitakeshi@natcc.jp

Received date: 23 September, 2024, Manuscript No. JCEOG-24-152416;

Editor assigned date: 25 September, 2024, PreQC No. JCEOG-24-152416 (PQ);

Reviewed date: 09 October, 2024, QC No. JCEOG-24-152416;

Revised date: 16 October, 2024, Manuscript No. JCEOG-24-152416 (R);

Published date: 23 October, 2024, DOI: 10.4172/2324-9110.1000432

Citation: Takeshi I (2024) Analysing Colorectal Cancer Screening Methods and the Significance of Early Detection. J Clin Exp Oncol 13:5.

Description

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. However, the survival rate for CRC is significantly higher when the disease is detected in its early stages. Screening can catch CRC before symptoms arise, allowing for timely treatment and the removal of precancerous polyps which can prevent the development of invasive cancer. Early detection of colorectal cancer can severely improve prognosis and treatment outcomes. When detected in its localized stage, the five-year survival rate for CRC can be as high as 90%. In contrast, survival rates decline significantly when the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or distant organs. Screening is vital because early-stage CRC often has no symptoms. By the time symptoms such as blood in the stool, abdominal pain or changes in bowel habits appear, the cancer may have already advanced. Screening not only aids in detecting cancer early but also allows for the identification and removal of precancerous polyps, reducing the overall incidence of CRC.

Several screening methods are currently available, each with unique advantages and limitations. The choice of method depends on factors like patient risk, accessibility and personal preferences. Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) and Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) are noninvasive stool-based tests that detect hidden (occult) blood in the stool, a potential early sign of colorectal cancer or large polyps. FOBT relies on a chemical reaction to detect blood, while FIT uses antibodies that specifically recognize human blood proteins. Both tests are simple, inexpensive and can be done at home. They don’t require special preparation, making them accessible for a wide population. FOBT and FIT need to be conducted annually, as they only detect blood and not other abnormalities. These tests can produce false positives from bleeding due to other causes and false negatives if the tumor does not bleed. Positive results require follow-up colonoscopy for confirmation.

Colonoscopy is considered the gold standard for CRC screening. During this procedure, a long, flexible tube with a camera (colonoscope) is inserted through the rectum to examine the entire colon. It allows for the detection and removal of polyps and other abnormalities. Colonoscopy is highly accurate, allowing direct visualization and biopsy of suspicious lesions. Polyps can be removed during the procedure reducing the risk of cancer development. The recommended frequency for average-risk individuals is every 10 years, providing long-term assurance. Colonoscopy is invasive and requires bowel preparation, which can be uncomfortable. The procedure may also have risks, such as bleeding or perforation of the colon. In addition, access to colonoscopy may be limited in some regions making it less feasible for widespread screening.

Flexible sigmoidoscopy is similar to colonoscopy but examines only the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon and rectum). It is often used in combination with FOBT or FIT. Sigmoidoscopy is less invasive than colonoscopy and generally does not require full bowel preparation or sedation. The procedure takes less time and may be more accessible for some patients. It is usually performed every five years. Since flexible sigmoidoscopy only examines part of the colon, it may overlook polyps or cancers in the upper parts. A positive result usually requires a follow-up colonoscopy for an extensive examination. Virtual colonography uses Computed Tomography (CT) scanning to develop detailed images of the colon and rectum. These images are then analyzed to detect polyps and other abnormalities. This colonography is less invasive than traditional colonoscopy and does not require sedation. It can also detect abnormalities outside the colon, providing additional health visions.

Conclusion

Colorectal cancer screening is one of the most effective tools for reducing the incidence and mortality associated with this disease. Early detection through screening can catch colorectal cancer at a stage when it is most treatable or even prevent cancer development altogether by removing precancerous polyps. With multiple screening options available, patients and healthcare providers can modify screening approaches based on individual risks and preferences improving accessibility and compliance. Increased public awareness and access to screening programs are essential to ensure that the benefits of early detection reach as many individuals as possible. By providing early detection and promoting widespread screening, the burden of colorectal cancer can be significantly reduced, saving lives and improving health outcomes worldwide.