Perspective, J Plant Physiol Pathol Vol: 10 Issue: 1

A Review of the Present Poultry Production Systems Particularly African Countries

Louise Lina^*

Department of Environmental Plant Ecophysiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, US

*Corresponding Author:Louise Lina
Department of Environmental Plant Ecophysiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, US
Email: louisel9@gmail.com

Received date: 03 January, 2022; Manuscript No. JPPP-22-51879;
Editor assigned date: 07 January, 2022; Pre QC No. JPPP-22-51879 (PQ);
Reviewed date: 13 January, 2022; QC No. JPPP-22-51879;
Revised date: 24 January, 2022; Manuscript No: JPPP-22-51879 (R);
Published date: 04 February, 2022; DOI:10.4172/2329-955X.1000253.

Keywords: Bio-fortification; Wheat; Micronutrient; Breeding

Introduction

In several developing countries, notably continent, poultry production in rural and peri-urban areas relies on ancient scavenging systems. It’s calculable that regarding eightieth of the Africa’s poultry population, is found in ancient production system. These cultivation systems square measures characterized by a coffee input/low output production system and contribute considerably to house food security in developing countries. Historically, the scavenging system plays a vital role in supply native populations with extra financial gain and high-quality food within the type of meat and eggs. Moreover, the assembly system is closely coupled to the non-secular and socio-cultural lives of the many farmers in developing countries. In ancient poultry production systems, totally different poultry species square measure unbroken and therefore the most vital being chickens, guinea fowls, ducks, pigeons, geese and turkeys. Productivity of those poultry species depends on the management systems adopted and will increase with the extent of improved feeding and management. Generally underneath the scavenging systems whereby the low input/low output is that the dominant cultivation system, many authors have acknowledged low productivity, compared to high-input systems. However SFRB square measure passionate about inessential factors like seasonal variables, and levels of predation, health, scavenging behaviour, age, and physiological standing of the scavenging birds. This paper provides a review of the present poultry production systems particularly African countries, the role of SFRB as a significant organic process input and therefore the factors influencing its amount and quality. The paper concludes by suggesting ways that may be accustomed optimize the utilization of SFRB in ancient poultry production systems to maximize flock productivity. Generally four poultry production systems in developing countries are often represented. These embody the unenclosed system or ancient village system; the curtilage or subsistence system; the semi intensive system and therefore the small-scale intensive system. These poultry management systems are found in sodbuster poultry sector in continent. Some necessary characteristics of those poultry production systems in continent square measure summarized in Table one. However; in keeping with Guèye (1998), unenclosed system and therefore the curtilage system square measure the most kinds of poultry cultivation system practiced within the ancient poultry production in continent. The unenclosed system is usually practiced by majority of the agricultural families. These square measure left to scavenge round the homesteads throughout daytime feeding on house leftovers, waste product and environmental materials like insects, worms, seeds and inexperienced forages.

Poultry Cultivation

Additionally, the birds don't seem to be often given water and different inputs like supplementary feeds, houses, vaccination and medicine. As a consequence, several birds die throughout pre-weaning periods because of starvation, diseases and predators. The extent of productivity in terms of variety of eggs created (30-50 eggs hen -1 year -1) and rate (5-10 g day ) is incredibly low compared to improved unenclosed or curtilage systems. The curtilage or semi-scavenging system is practiced by a moderate variety of rural families. They keep regarding 5-50 birds that largely square measure owned by ladies and relations. Within the curtilage system, birds square measure semi-confined either among AN enclosure made up of native materials, long shelters or among enclosed yard. The semi-intensive system may be a sub-system of the intensive system. During this system, poultry square measure unbroken in complete confinement, fed with developed diets either bought commercially or created from feed mills. The small-scale intensive or “small-scale confined” system is another sub-system of the intensive system. The system relies on specialised breeds of broiler and layer with a flock size locomote between fifty and five hundred birds. This cultivation system is practiced by few rural families notably those living in peri-urban and concrete square measureas wherever there are markets for eggs and meat and is owned in the main by business men. As it is often noted in Table a pair of, SFRB within the ancient scavenging systems consists of house refuse and environmental feed materials. throughout the time of year there's easy provide of insects, worms and inexperienced forage materials whereas within the dry or harvest season there's high provide of cereal grains, cereal by-products and low provide of inexperienced forage and insects/worms. The number of room wastes as indicated in Table three seems to be little in time of year indicating that during this amount there's less food offered in most rural households compared with dry amount. Ethiopia, variety of altitudes looks to own no distinction on the supply of insects and worms however in high and medium altitudes there's a high quantity of grains and forages with low quantity of room wastes compared with low altitude. Moreover, observations show that not all materials that square measure a part of the SFRB square measure offered in every surroundings. This is often apparently seen in some countries like Abyssinia, Indonesia, land and African nation; wherever studies have shown that the number of the offered SFRB varies greatly with season, climate and site. Additionally, the SFRB might vary additionally with the sort of birds because of their hunt behaviour and stage of growth. The proportion of the grains within the layers’ crop contents was lower compared thereto in growers’ crop contents. The upper proportion of inexperienced forages, insects/worms and room wastes within the layer crop contents can be because of their selective feeding behavior that depends upon organic process necessities of a selected age bracket of chickens and production stage. Since birth hens have higher demand of CP and Ca, they're a lot of probably to select up feedstuffs wealthy in macromolecule and metal compared to growers to support egg production.