Vitamin D3 action on the newborn's immune system and zinc as an immunomodulator

In recent years there has been an increase in the survival of critically ill newborns thanks to advances in the area of Neonatology, bringing with it the development of multiple pathologies, with the consequent increase in the risk of presenting perinatal infections, especially in the group corresponding to prematurity, the incidence and severity of infections in the newborn being well documented, which is largely due to immaturity in both the cellular and humoral response. Reporting a limited functional capacity of all components, in addition to observing quantitative and qualitative deficiencies of the cellular components of the immune system, so it is important to develop safe strategies such as supplementation with nutrients, which allow improving the immune response in the body, of these children.
Two decades ago, it was documented that Vitamin D3 in addition to having a regulatory function in the homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus has a relevant role in the modulation of the immune response, Its action is exerted through the union with its nuclear receptor and intervenes activating transcription factors The Receptor is present in cells of different tissues and of the immune system, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes.
It is known that: the immune system can be divided into two defense mechanisms or responses: the innate response and the acquired one. The innate response is made up of cellular and humoral components and does not improve after exposure to a specific antigen. 
About the Zinc (Zn) like trace element it can to participate in the modulation of the inflammatory response, it has linked very closely to the immune system, favoring the Th1 cytokines production, development B lymphocytes and it can to influence the antibodies production, especially IgG 
Then in this time, we go to review the recommendation in the literature, and how these elements can positively influence the immune response. 

CONCLUSIONS:   
Within the comprehensive management that must be taken in the critically ill newborn, especially in the premature patient, we must consider micronutrients and their ability to influence the immune response, which is why they use of immunomodulators such as vitamin D (400 international units) is important. per day as a prophylactic and up to 1000 international units per day in deficiency) and with respect to Zinc, at appropriate doses Preterm: 300 micrograms of elemental zinc per kilo per day added to parenteral nutrition, and in newborns of the term 100 mcg kg and the same in nutrition parenteral, further research on these micronutrients is required.