Non-Surgical Sterilization Methods in Male Animals: A Review

Introduction- Background Non-surgical sterilization technique in animals is an ancient practice and dates back to 7000 BC. Surgical castration in animals has been applied for centuries to control the animal population, advance genetic selection, improve calmness of aggressive animals and mainly to ensure and selectively provide high-quality meat production for human consumption. An ideal method of castration should cause permanent block to spermatogenesis and inhibit androgenetic enzymes with low-cost of treatment and doesn’t affect the welfare of the animal. Over the past years, Calcium chloride, lactic acid, sodium chloride, chlorhexidine, formalin, zinc tannate, zinc gluconate, glycerol, glucose, ethanol and silver nitrate are commonly used in chemical castration. Non-surgical sterilization has found application in male dogs, cats, monkeys, goats, bulls, hamsters and rabbits. 
Objective/ Aim To review on importance of non-surgical sterilization techniques and its application in veterinary practices in different species of male animals.
Conclusion- In general, non-surgical methods of sterilizations have greater safety over operative method since each chemical substance has minimal side effects. Besides, it can be preferred for its less postoperative complication, cheap, small number of staff requirements, ease of application and especially positive effect on meat yield in bulls and pigs. In conclusion, non-surgical sterilizations approach and techniques