Garment Washing and Its Impact on Water Pollution: A Comprehensive Review

Garment washing is an integral part of the textile and fashion industry, enhancing the appearance and texture of textiles, and meeting consumer demands for unique and trendy clothing. However, the extensive use of chemicals, water, and energy in the garment washing process has raised significant concerns regarding its environmental impact, particularly in terms of water pollution. This review paper explores the various methods and techniques of garment washing, the chemicals involved, and their effects on water quality. It also discusses the regulatory frameworks, sustainable alternatives, and potential future directions to mitigate water pollution caused by garment washing processes. Garment washing relies heavily on chemicals, dyes, and detergents, which, when inadequately managed, find their way into water bodies, severely impacting aquatic ecosystems. These substances often include hazardous compounds like heavy metals and carcinogenic agents, posing significant threats to both aquatic life and water quality. Microplastic pollution is another critical facet of this issue, with synthetic fibers shedding during laundry infiltrating water systems, endangering marine life, and potentially entering the human food chain. The environmental toll extends to high energy consumption, as traditional washing machines consume substantial electricity and water resources. This not only strains energy supplies but also exacerbates water scarcity, compounding existing challenges in regions prone to such issues.